Linux主机磁盘分区的创建与文件系统扩容 --老奶奶教程

已于 2024-05-13 16:36:42 修改
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文章标签： linux 运维 服务器
于 2023-08-06 22:27:53 首次发布
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_40657367/article/details/132135902
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查看主机磁盘

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   49G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0   47G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   30G  0 disk 
sr0              11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom

可以看出，主机有sda和adb两个硬盘，sda在装系统时使用了，sdb还没被使用

二：通过上面可以看出sdb硬盘一共30G，使用sdb给根扩容10G，在/opt目录下给创建个software，给/opt/software文件夹单独挂载一个逻辑卷20G
通过下面的方式去实现
（1）通过fdisk命令新增一个sdb1分区10G和sdb2分区分别用来给根扩容和创建20G的/opt/software逻辑卷

显示磁盘分区信息: fdisk -l 该命令将显示系统中所有磁盘的分区信息。
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000c6d73

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048     2099199     1048576   83  Linux
/dev/sda2         2099200   104857599    51379200   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 50.5 GB, 50457477120 bytes, 98549760 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes


#选择要操作的磁盘 /dev/sdb
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x899187de.

Command (m for help): p         #查看分区信息

Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x899187de

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help): n       #新增分区
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-62914559, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-62914559, default 62914559): +10G
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 10 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x899187de

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux

Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 
First sector (20973568-62914559, default 20973568): 
Using default value 20973568
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20973568-62914559, default 62914559): 
Using default value 62914559
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 20 GiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x899187de

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2        20973568    62914559    20970496   83  Linux

Command (m for help): t                  #修改分区类型
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e                      #这里的8e是LVM的类型，不同的主机操作系统LVM的类型对应的只有点区别
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x899187de

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sdb2        20973568    62914559    20970496   83  Linux

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 32.2 GB, 32212254720 bytes, 62914560 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x899187de

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048    20973567    10485760   8e  Linux LVM
/dev/sdb2        20973568    62914559    20970496   8e  Linux LVM

Command (m for help): w                     #保存并退出
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

（2）在这咱们就能看出咱们将sdb硬盘划分成sdb1和sdb2了

[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda               8:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─sda1            8:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─sda2            8:2    0   49G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0   47G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
sdb               8:16   0   30G  0 disk 
├─sdb1            8:17   0   10G  0 part 
└─sdb2            8:18   0   20G  0 part 
sr0              11:0    1  4.4G  0 rom

（2）咱们先进行根文件系统的扩容
通过下面的命令咱们可以看到当前根目录的大小及文件系统的类型，根文件系统的类型是xfs，常见的文件系统是xfs和ext4


[root@localhost ~]# df -HT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  498M     0  498M   0% /dev 
tmpfs                   tmpfs     510M     0  510M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     510M  8.1M  502M   2% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     510M     0  510M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        51G  6.9G   44G  14% /
/dev/sda1               xfs       1.1G  143M  921M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     102M     0  102M   0% /run/user/0
```bash

对根目录扩容的思路如下：
先通过sdb1创建PV，然后扩容VG，在扩容LV，然后刷新文件系统生效

#通过lvdisplay能看出来根文件系统在centos的VG中，/dev/centos/root的LV中
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/centos/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                centos
  LV UUID                i8UBfM-m1Dj-32ch-oe2Z-XdBH-QESS-M6Dz22
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2023-07-02 07:42:18 -0400
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                46.99 GiB
  Current LE             12030
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0

#创建PV，这里要使用/dev/sdb1，可以通过fdisk -l命令查看
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
  [root@localhost ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree
  centos   1   2   0 wz--n- <49.00g 4.00m
  #扩容VG
[root@localhost ~]# vgextend centos /dev/sdb1
  Volume group "centos" successfully extended
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree 
  centos   2   2   0 wz--n- 58.99g 10.00g
  #查看和扩容LV
  [root@localhost ~]# lvs
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize  Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root centos -wi-ao---- 46.99g                                                    
  swap centos -wi-ao----  2.00g                                                    
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -l 100%VG /dev/centos/root
  Reducing 100%VG to remaining free space 56.99 GiB in VG.
  Size of logical volume centos/root changed from 46.99 GiB (12030 extents) to 56.99 GiB (14590 extents).
  Logical volume centos/root successfully resized.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs   #可以看出LV由原来的46G扩容到了56G
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize  Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root centos -wi-ao---- 56.99g                                                    
  swap centos -wi-ao----  2.00g  
 #但是咱们现在看主机为根目录师妹变化的，需要扩展 XFS 文件系统                                                  
[root@localhost ~]# df -HT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  498M     0  498M   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     510M     0  510M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     510M  8.1M  502M   2% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     510M     0  510M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        51G  6.9G   44G  14% /
/dev/sda1               xfs       1.1G  143M  921M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     102M     0  102M   0% /run/user/0
#扩展 XFS 文件系统
[root@localhost ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
meta-data=/dev/mapper/centos-root isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=3079680 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=12318720, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=6015, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 12318720 to 14940160
[root@localhost ~]# df -HT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  498M     0  498M   0% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     510M     0  510M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     510M  8.1M  502M   2% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     510M     0  510M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs        62G  6.9G   55G  12% /
/dev/sda1               xfs       1.1G  143M  921M  14% /boot
tmpfs                   tmpfs     102M     0  102M   0% /run/user/0

（2）对/opt/software挂载单独的逻辑卷，设置开机自动挂载

#先创建对应的文件夹
[root@localhost ~]# cd /opt/
[root@localhost opt]# ll
total 0
[root@localhost opt]# mkdir software
[root@localhost opt]# ll
total 0
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug  6 10:11 software

单独挂载一个逻辑卷的操作和扩容区别不大

#创建PV
[root@localhost opt]# pvcreate /dev/sdb2
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb2" successfully created.
#创建VG
[root@localhost opt]# vgcreate software /dev/sdb2
  Volume group "software" successfully created
  [root@localhost opt]# vgs
  VG       #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize   VFree  
  centos     2   2   0 wz--n-  58.99g      0 
  software   1   0   0 wz--n- <20.00g <20.00g
 #在software的VG里创建一个名叫lv_soft的LV
 [root@localhost opt]# lvcreate -l 100%VG -n lv_soft software
  Logical volume "lv_soft" created.
 #查看LV
 [root@localhost opt]# lvs
  LV      VG       Attr       LSize   Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  root    centos   -wi-ao----  56.99g                                                    
  swap    centos   -wi-ao----   2.00g                                                    
  lv_soft software -wi-a----- <20.00g
 #格式化/dev/software/lv_soft新建的这个逻辑卷
 [root@localhost opt]# mkfs.xfs /dev/software/lv_soft    #如果想要EXT4文件格式的话使用mkfs.ext4 /dev/software/lv_soft
meta-data=/dev/software/lv_soft  isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310464 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5241856, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
#在开机自启的配置文件中加上/opt/software逻辑卷得挂载配置，这里的配置添加一定不要出现格式问题，出现格式问题的话，主机重启的情况下无法正常进入系统
[root@localhost opt]# cat /etc/fstab

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sun Jul  2 07:42:19 2023
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=6556b199-ca6e-42c3-b50a-bb45b4d53850 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/software/lv_soft /opt/software             xfs     defaults        0 0
[root@localhost opt]# mount -a    #这里使用mount -a 挂载是检验/etc/fstab配置文件中新增的内容有没有问题
[root@localhost opt]# df -HT
Filesystem                   Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                     devtmpfs  498M     0  498M   0% /dev
tmpfs                        tmpfs     510M     0  510M   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                        tmpfs     510M  8.1M  502M   2% /run
tmpfs                        tmpfs     510M     0  510M   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/centos-root      xfs        62G  6.9G   55G  12% /
/dev/sda1                    xfs       1.1G  143M  921M  14% /boot
tmpfs                        tmpfs     102M     0  102M   0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/software-lv_soft xfs        22G   34M   22G   1% /opt/software
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