PyTorch
正则化和批标准化
Regularization-正则化:减小方差的策略
误差可分为解为:偏差,方差与噪声之和,即误差=偏差+方差+噪声之和;
偏差:度量了学习算法的期望预测与真实结果的偏离程度,即刻画了学习算法本身的拟合能力;
方差:度量了同样大小的训练集的变动所导致的学习性能的变化,即刻画了数据扰动所造成的影响;
噪声:表达了在当前任务上任何学习算法所能达到的期望泛化误差的下界。
简而言之,偏差是指在所有训练数据上训练得到的模型性能和在真实数据上表现的差异,方差是指模型在训练集和验证集(测试集)上的差异,方差重点在于不同数据集;噪声则是指给定的数据集(其可能存在噪声),那么当前数据集的数据质量已经决定了学习性能的上限,学习的目标就是尽可能的接近这个上限。
举个简单的例子,我们使用一个复杂的函数去拟合下面的数据点集
其能够完美的拟合所有训练集的点,但是测试集表现非常差,这就是高方差的典型例子,正则化就是为了降低方差。
L1和L2正则项
前面我们已经知道:目标函数=代价函数+正则项
那么当我们想要优化目标函数时(使目标函数最小),同时也要优化正则项的值,L1和L2的正则化方式就是权重值计算方式不同,这里为了使得正则项的值尽可能小,所以要求权重矩阵的值也会尽可能的小,从而使得模型不会过于复杂。
L2正则项:weight decay(权值衰减)
在pytorch中,加入L2正则项后的权重值的更新与不带正则项相比,会先对w乘以(1-λ),而0<λ<1,所以相当于对权重进行了一个缩小的操作,所以L2正则项被叫做权值衰减。
下面我们用代码展示一下使用weight_decay和不使用的区别
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
n_hidden = 200
max_iter = 2000
disp_interval = 200
lr_init = 0.01
def gen_data(num_data=10, x_range=(-1, 1)):
w = 1.5
train_x = torch.linspace(*x_range, num_data).unsqueeze_(1)
train_y = w*train_x + torch.normal(0, 0.5, size=train_x.size())
test_x = torch.linspace(*x_range, num_data).unsqueeze_(1)
test_y = w*test_x + torch.normal(0, 0.3, size=test_x.size())
return train_x, train_y, test_x, test_y
train_x, train_y, test_x, test_y = gen_data(x_range=(-1, 1))
class MLP(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, neural_num):
super(MLP, self).__init__()
self.linears = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(1, neural_num),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.Linear(neural_num, neural_num),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.Linear(neural_num, neural_num),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.Linear(neural_num, 1),
)
def forward(self, x):
return self.linears(x)
net_normal = MLP(neural_num=n_hidden)
net_weight_decay = MLP(neural_num=n_hidden)
optim_normal = torch.optim.SGD(net_normal.parameters(), lr=lr_init, momentum=0.9)
# 区别就在于weight_decay参数,λ=1e-2
optim_wdecay = torch.optim.SGD(net_weight_decay.parameters(), lr=lr_init, momentum=0.9, weight_decay=1e-2)
loss_func = torch.nn.MSELoss()
for epoch in range(max_iter):
# forward
pred_normal, pred_wdecay = net_normal(train_x), net_weight_decay(train_x)
loss_normal, loss_wdecay = loss_func(pred_normal, train_y), loss_func(pred_wdecay, train_y)
optim_normal.zero_grad()
optim_wdecay.zero_grad()
loss_normal.backward()
loss_wdecay.backward()
optim_normal.step()
optim_wdecay.step()
if (epoch + 1) % disp_interval == 0:
test_pred_normal, test_pred_wdecay = net_normal(test_x), net_weight_decay(test_x)
# 绘图
plt.scatter(train_x.data.numpy(), train_y.data.numpy(), c='blue', s=50, alpha=0.3, label='train')
plt.scatter(test_y.data.numpy(), test_y.data.numpy(), c='red', s=50, alpha=0.3, label='test')
plt.plot(test_x.data.numpy(), test_pred_normal.data.numpy(), 'r-', lw=3, label='no weight decay')
plt.plot(test_x.data.numpy(), test_pred_wdecay.data.numpy(), 'b--', lw=3, label='weight decay')
plt.text(-0.25, -0.15, 'no weight decay loss={:.6f}'.format(loss_normal.item()),
fontdict={'size': 15, 'color': 'red'})
plt.text(-0.25, -2, 'weight decay loss={:.6f}'.format(loss_wdecay.item()),
fontdict={'size': 15, 'color': 'red'})
plt.ylim(-2.5, 2.5)
plt.legend(loc='upper left')
plt.title("Epoch: {}".format(epoch+1))
plt.show()
plt.close()
可以看到如果不使用weight decay,损失降到一个非常非常小的值,已经过拟合了,在测试集上效果并不好;而加了weight decay之后,损失相比之前略大一些,但是在这个例子中依然是过拟合的,不过相比之前略有缓解,蓝色的曲线相比红色也稍微平缓一些,也就是说仅靠weight decay并不是都能显著的优化所有问题。
Dropout:随机失活
功能:避免结果过度依赖某个神经元。通过设置参数p,确定网络中被舍弃的神经元数量,如p=0.3,有30%的神经元会失活(被舍弃)。
参考文献:《Dropout:A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting》
在以前的这一篇博客中也有对正则化进行解释:https://forchenxi.github.io/2021/01/26/dl-basics/
在这片博客中也有记录,由于训练时使用了dropout, 而测试时没有单元被舍弃,而该层的输出值需要按 dropout 比率缩小,因为这时比训练时有更多的单元被激活,需要加以平衡。
比如p=0.3,那么需要将输出值乘以(1-p)=0.7才可以与训练时一致,而pytorch
实际实现时,在训练时权重均乘以[1/(1-p)],即除以(1-p)来增大权重,从而在测试时不需要再乘以(1-p)。
下面我们通过代码来观察pytorch
中这一实现细节
class Net(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, neural_num, d_prob=0.5):
super(Net, self).__init__()
self.linears = nn.Sequential(
nn.Dropout(d_prob),
nn.Linear(neural_num, 1, bias=False),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True)
)
def forward(self, x):
return self.linears(x)
input_num = 10000
x = torch.ones((input_num, ), dtype=torch.float32)
net = Net(input_num, d_prob=0.5)
net.linears[1].weight.detach().fill_(1)
net.train()
y = net(x)
print("output in training mode", y)
net.eval()
y = net(x)
print("output in eval mode", y)
output in training mode tensor([9994.], grad_fn=<ReluBackward1>)
output in eval mode tensor([10000.], grad_fn=<ReluBackward1>)
这里面的输入x是1万个1(相当于1万个神经元),并且权重也为1,输入到线性层前就先dropout(0.5),那么理论上有5000个神经元失去活性,训练的输出应该为5000,但是实际为9994(约为1万,每次运行都会变化),这就是因为pytorch
在使得部分神经元失去活性时,将权重值增加了二倍(这里是除以(1-0.5),等价于乘以2)。
下面是对比使用dropout和不使用模型结果,与weight decay效果类似。
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
n_hidden = 200
max_iter = 2000
disp_interval = 200
lr_init = 0.01
def gen_data(num_data=10, x_range=(-1, 1)):
w = 1.5
train_x = torch.linspace(*x_range, num_data).unsqueeze_(1)
train_y = w*train_x + torch.normal(0, 0.5, size=train_x.size())
test_x = torch.linspace(*x_range, num_data).unsqueeze_(1)
test_y = w*test_x + torch.normal(0, 0.3, size=test_x.size())
return train_x, train_y, test_x, test_y
train_x, train_y, test_x, test_y = gen_data(x_range=(-1, 1))
class MLP(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, neural_num, d_prob=0.5):
super(MLP, self).__init__()
self.linears = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(1, neural_num),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.Dropout(d_prob),
nn.Linear(neural_num, neural_num),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.Dropout(d_prob),
nn.Linear(neural_num, neural_num),
nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
nn.Dropout(d_prob),
nn.Linear(neural_num, 1),
)
def forward(self, x):
return self.linears(x)
net_normal = MLP(neural_num=n_hidden, d_prob=0)
net_dropout = MLP(neural_num=n_hidden, d_prob=0.5)
optim_normal = torch.optim.SGD(net_normal.parameters(), lr=lr_init, momentum=0.9)
optim_dropout = torch.optim.SGD(net_dropout.parameters(), lr=lr_init, momentum=0.9)
loss_func = torch.nn.MSELoss()
for epoch in range(max_iter):
# forward
pred_normal, pred_dropout = net_normal(train_x), net_dropout(train_x)
loss_normal, loss_dropout = loss_func(pred_normal, train_y), loss_func(pred_dropout, train_y)
optim_normal.zero_grad()
optim_dropout.zero_grad()
loss_normal.backward()
loss_dropout.backward()
optim_normal.step()
optim_dropout.step()
if (epoch + 1) % disp_interval == 0:
net_normal.eval()
net_dropout.eval()
test_pred_normal, test_pred_wdecay = net_normal(test_x), net_dropout(test_x)
# 绘图
plt.scatter(train_x.data.numpy(), train_y.data.numpy(), c='blue', s=50, alpha=0.3, label='train')
plt.scatter(test_y.data.numpy(), test_y.data.numpy(), c='red', s=50, alpha=0.3, label='test')
plt.plot(test_x.data.numpy(), test_pred_normal.data.numpy(), 'r-', lw=3, label='no dropout')
plt.plot(test_x.data.numpy(), test_pred_wdecay.data.numpy(), 'b--', lw=3, label='dropout')
plt.text(-0.25, -0.15, 'no dropout loss={:.6f}'.format(loss_normal.item()),
fontdict={'size': 15, 'color': 'red'})
plt.text(-0.25, -2, 'dropout loss={:.6f}'.format(loss_dropout.item()),
fontdict={'size': 15, 'color': 'red'})
plt.ylim(-2.5, 2.5)
plt.legend(loc='upper left')
plt.title("Epoch: {}".format(epoch+1))
plt.show()
plt.close()
net_normal.train()
net_dropout.train()
这里的注意点:
- dropout加在激活函数层之后,下一层网络层之前;
- 最后一层输出之前要看情况增加dropout,对于简单的任务可以添加,复杂的任务可以不加;
- 务必使用
net.eval()
和net.train()
区分模型测试和训练。
Batch Normalization
批:一批数据,通常为mini-batch
标准化:0均值,1方差
优点:
- 可以用更大学习率,加速模型收敛;
- 可以不用精心设计权值初始化;
- 可以不用dropout或使用较小的dropout;
- 可以不用
L2
或者使用较小的weight decay; - 可以不用
LRN
(local response normalization)。
参考论文:《Batch Normalization Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift》
在Pytorch
中Batch Normalization的实现方式
affine transform是指公式中增加了γ和β的计算方式
通过提出Batch Normalization的论文标题,我们可以知道其是为了解决ICS
问题,我们在权值初始化部分就已经了解到:
下一层神经元的输出值方差与三个因素有关,(1)每一层神经元的数量;(2)输入值x的方差;(3)权重矩阵W的方差。
如果想要控制神经元的输出值方差为1,我们可以保证X的方差为1,若想要消掉n,那就是要W的方差为1/n。
而这里面通过增加Batch Normalization层,可以直接将每一层的输出进行归一化,从而无需精心设计权值初始化。但是其不仅解决了这一问题,还带来了其他优点。
下面我们通过代码来观察BN
层的效果,还记得在权值初始化的部分,我们使用一个一百层的网络,并且加上激活函数,假设激活函数为Relu
,如果我们不进行权值初始化,那么随着网络的加深,输出值会变成无穷小,如果我们对权值初始化的方法是将均值设置为0,方差设置为1,那么随着网络的加深,输出值会变成无穷大。解决这一问题是使用Kaiming
初始化方法。那么如果我们直接使用BN
层,结果会怎么样呢?
import torch.nn as nn
import torch
class MLP(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, neural_num, layers):
super(MLP, self).__init__()
self.linears = nn.ModuleList([nn.Linear(neural_num, neural_num, bias=False) for i in range(layers)])
self.bns = nn.ModuleList([nn.BatchNorm1d(neural_num) for i in range(layers)])
self.neural_num = neural_num
def forward(self, x):
for (i, linear), bn in zip(enumerate(self.linears), self.bns):
x = linear(x)
x = bn(x)
x = torch.relu(x)
print("layer:{}, std:{}".format(i, x.std().item()))
if torch.isnan(x.std()):
print("output is nan in {} layers".format(i))
return x
def initialize(self):
for m in self.modules():
if isinstance(m, nn.Linear):
nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data, std=1) # 权值初始化,normal:mean=0, std=1
layer_nums = 100
neural_nums = 256
batch_size = 16
net = MLP(neural_nums, layer_nums)
# net.initialize()
inputs = torch.randn((batch_size, neural_nums)) # normal:mean=0, std=1
output = net(inputs)
print(output)
layer:0, std:0.5796152353286743
layer:1, std:0.5745875239372253
layer:2, std:0.5795402526855469
layer:3, std:0.5850275754928589
layer:4, std:0.5842188000679016
layer:5, std:0.5847610235214233
layer:6, std:0.5782239437103271
layer:7, std:0.581341028213501
layer:8, std:0.5796911120414734
layer:9, std:0.5714531540870667
layer:10, std:0.5831667184829712
layer:11, std:0.5859699845314026
layer:12, std:0.5871317386627197
layer:13, std:0.5875120162963867
layer:14, std:0.5781294703483582
layer:15, std:0.5813595056533813
layer:16, std:0.5856006741523743
layer:17, std:0.5829628705978394
layer:18, std:0.583267331123352
layer:19, std:0.5759429335594177
layer:20, std:0.5787518620491028
layer:21, std:0.578492283821106
layer:22, std:0.5798740983009338
layer:23, std:0.5826079845428467
layer:24, std:0.579326331615448
layer:25, std:0.5835700035095215
layer:26, std:0.5793125629425049
layer:27, std:0.5870218276977539
layer:28, std:0.5808523893356323
layer:29, std:0.5779549479484558
layer:30, std:0.5786218643188477
layer:31, std:0.5852407813072205
layer:32, std:0.5794293284416199
layer:33, std:0.5772526264190674
layer:34, std:0.5792600512504578
layer:35, std:0.57660973072052
layer:36, std:0.5861477255821228
layer:37, std:0.5828843712806702
layer:38, std:0.5732689499855042
layer:39, std:0.5755131244659424
layer:40, std:0.5850638747215271
layer:41, std:0.5886902809143066
layer:42, std:0.5821707248687744
layer:43, std:0.5828768610954285
layer:44, std:0.580696165561676
layer:45, std:0.5808108448982239
layer:46, std:0.5827391147613525
layer:47, std:0.5824262499809265
layer:48, std:0.588381290435791
layer:49, std:0.5857555270195007
layer:50, std:0.5782690048217773
layer:51, std:0.5782979130744934
layer:52, std:0.5855977535247803
layer:53, std:0.5771430134773254
layer:54, std:0.5811037421226501
layer:55, std:0.5774182081222534
layer:56, std:0.576210081577301
layer:57, std:0.5849117636680603
layer:58, std:0.5800071358680725
layer:59, std:0.5711342096328735
layer:60, std:0.5826748013496399
layer:61, std:0.5790402889251709
layer:62, std:0.5807961821556091
layer:63, std:0.5845107436180115
layer:64, std:0.5811431407928467
layer:65, std:0.5827465653419495
layer:66, std:0.574585497379303
layer:67, std:0.5787656307220459
layer:68, std:0.5741402506828308
layer:69, std:0.5793603658676147
layer:70, std:0.5839018821716309
layer:71, std:0.5750216841697693
layer:72, std:0.5750212073326111
layer:73, std:0.5816949009895325
layer:74, std:0.5811253190040588
layer:75, std:0.5786153078079224
layer:76, std:0.5847783088684082
layer:77, std:0.5907210111618042
layer:78, std:0.5834577083587646
layer:79, std:0.582155168056488
layer:80, std:0.580101728439331
layer:81, std:0.5777758955955505
layer:82, std:0.5898699164390564
layer:83, std:0.5831481218338013
layer:84, std:0.5863946080207825
layer:85, std:0.5819058418273926
layer:86, std:0.581623911857605
layer:87, std:0.5792952179908752
layer:88, std:0.5813907384872437
layer:89, std:0.5782536268234253
layer:90, std:0.5813661813735962
layer:91, std:0.5820697546005249
layer:92, std:0.5799959301948547
layer:93, std:0.582518994808197
layer:94, std:0.5747638940811157
layer:95, std:0.5797438621520996
layer:96, std:0.5727812051773071
layer:97, std:0.5827062726020813
layer:98, std:0.579717755317688
layer:99, std:0.5822470188140869
tensor([[0.0000, 0.6569, 0.0000, ..., 0.0000, 0.0689, 0.0000],
[0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0000, ..., 1.5117, 0.1704, 0.6553],
[0.0000, 1.0320, 0.0000, ..., 0.0000, 0.1096, 0.3853],
...,
[0.0000, 0.6230, 0.5919, ..., 1.2431, 0.0000, 1.3492],
[0.9983, 1.6383, 0.0000, ..., 0.0000, 0.6400, 2.0306],
[0.5393, 1.0941, 0.0000, ..., 0.0000, 0.0000, 0.0857]],
grad_fn=<ReluBackward0>)
通过结果可以发现,无论是否对权值进行初始化,或者怎么样的初始化方法,只要使用了BN
层,网络的输出方差就会处于一个非常稳定的值。
Pytorch
中的_BatchNorm
nn.BatchNorm1d
nn.BatchNorm2d
nn.BatchNorm3d
参数:
num_features
:一个样本特征数量(最重要)eps
:分母修正项- momentum:指数加权平均估计当前mean/var
- affine:是否需要affine transform
- track_running_stats:是训练状态,还是测试状态
主要属性:
- running_mean:均值
- running_var:方差
weight
:affine transform中的gamma(γ)bias
:affine transform中的beta(β)
这里的weight和bias是在训练中学习的,均值和方差在测试时,为当前的统计值,在训练时采用指数加权平均计算:
running_mean = (1-momentum) * pre_running_mean + momentum * mean_t
running_var = (1-momentum) * pre_running_var + momentum * var_t
pre_running_mean
表示上一时刻的均值,mean_t
表示当前时刻的均值。
1d
、2d
和3d
的区别和使用
# nn.BatchNorm1d
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
batch_size = 3 # 一个批次三个样本
num_features = 5 # 每个样本有5个特征
momentum = 0.3
features_shape = (1) # 每个特征是1d的张量,且长度为1
feature_map = torch.ones(features_shape)
feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map*(i+1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)
feature_maps_bs = torch.stack([feature_maps for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)
print("input data: \n{} shape is {}".format(feature_maps_bs, feature_maps_bs.shape))
bn = nn.BatchNorm1d(num_features, momentum=momentum)
running_mean, running_var = 0, 1
for i in range(2):
outputs = bn(feature_maps_bs)
print("\niteration: {}, running mean: {}".format(i, bn.running_mean))
print("iteration: {}, running var: {}".format(i, bn.running_var))
mean_t, var_t = 2, 0
running_mean = (1-momentum) * running_mean + momentum * mean_t
running_var = (1-momentum) * running_var + momentum * var_t
print("iteration: {}, 第二个特征的running mean: {}".format(i, running_mean))
print("iteration: {}, 第二个特征的running var: {}".format(i, running_var))
input data:
tensor([[[1.],
[2.],
[3.],
[4.],
[5.]],
[[1.],
[2.],
[3.],
[4.],
[5.]],
[[1.],
[2.],
[3.],
[4.],
[5.]]]) shape is torch.Size([3, 5, 1])
iteration: 0, running mean: tensor([0.3000, 0.6000, 0.9000, 1.2000, 1.5000])
iteration: 0, running var: tensor([0.7000, 0.7000, 0.7000, 0.7000, 0.7000])
iteration: 0, 第二个特征的running mean: 0.6
iteration: 0, 第二个特征的running var: 0.7
iteration: 1, running mean: tensor([0.5100, 1.0200, 1.5300, 2.0400, 2.5500])
iteration: 1, running var: tensor([0.4900, 0.4900, 0.4900, 0.4900, 0.4900])
iteration: 1, 第二个特征的running mean: 1.02
iteration: 1, 第二个特征的running var: 0.48999999999999994
这里计算均值和方差时,将同一批次样本的同一特征在一起计算,iteration=0时,每个样本的第一个特征值均为1,所以其均值为1,方差为0,而且因为是第一轮迭代,所以上一时刻的均值和方差默认值为0,1
所以iteration=0时,第一个特征的均值 = (1-momentum) * 0 + momentum* 1 = 0.3
iteration=0时,第一个特征的方差= (1-momentum) * 1 + momentum * 0 = 0.7
iteration=0时,三个样本第二个特征的均值为2,方差为0,所以
第二个特征的均值=(1-momentum) * 0 + momentum * 2 = 0.6
第二个特征的方差=(1-momentum) * 1 + momentum * 0 = 0.7
# BatchNorm2d
batch_size = 3
num_features = 3 # 每个样本有三个特征
momentum = 0.3
features_shape = (2, 2) # 每个特征是2d张量
feature_map = torch.ones(features_shape)
feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map * (i + 1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)
feature_maps_bs = torch.stack([feature_maps for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)
print("input data: \n{} shape is {}".format(feature_maps_bs, feature_maps_bs.shape))
bn = nn.BatchNorm2d(num_features, momentum=momentum)
running_mean, running_var = 0, 1
for i in range(2):
outputs = bn(feature_maps_bs)
print("\niteration: {}, running mean: {}".format(i, bn.running_mean.shape))
print("iteration: {}, running var: {}".format(i, bn.running_var.shape))
print("iteration: {}, weight.shape: {}".format(i, bn.weight.shape))
print("iteration: {}, bias.shape: {}".format(i, bn.bias.shape))
input data:
tensor([[[[1., 1.],
[1., 1.]],
[[2., 2.],
[2., 2.]],
[[3., 3.],
[3., 3.]]],
[[[1., 1.],
[1., 1.]],
[[2., 2.],
[2., 2.]],
[[3., 3.],
[3., 3.]]],
[[[1., 1.],
[1., 1.]],
[[2., 2.],
[2., 2.]],
[[3., 3.],
[3., 3.]]]]) shape is torch.Size([3, 3, 2, 2])
iteration: 0, running mean: torch.Size([3])
iteration: 0, running var: torch.Size([3])
iteration: 0, weight.shape: torch.Size([3])
iteration: 0, bias.shape: torch.Size([3])
iteration: 1, running mean: torch.Size([3])
iteration: 1, running var: torch.Size([3])
iteration: 1, weight.shape: torch.Size([3])
iteration: 1, bias.shape: torch.Size([3])
可以看到这里均值,方差,权重以及偏置的维度都是3,因为BN
是将不同样本的同一特征一起算均值等,所以维度与特征数一致。
常见的Normalization in DL
Batch Normalization(BN)
Layer Normalization(LN)
Instance Normalization(IN)
Group Normalization(GN)
他们进行Normalization的方式均是如下方式
不同的点在于均值和方差的求取方式
Layer Normalization
起因:BN
不适用于变长的网络,如RNN
思路:逐层计算均值和方差
注意事项:
- 不再有running_mean和running_var
- gamma和beta为逐元素的
nn.LayerNorm
主要参数:
normalized_shape
:该层特征形状eps
: 分母修正项elementwise_affine
:是否需要affine transform
# Layer Normalization
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
batch_size = 2
num_features = 3
features_shape = (2, 2)
feature_map = torch.ones(features_shape)
feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map * (i + 1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)
feature_maps_bs = torch.stack([feature_maps for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)
# B * C * H * W(传入除了批次大小之外的size)
ln = nn.LayerNorm(feature_maps_bs.size()[1:], elementwise_affine=True)
# 如果elementwise_affine设置为False,则不存在bias和weight
# ln = nn.LayerNorm(feature_maps_bs.size()[1:], elementwise_affine=False)
output = ln(feature_maps_bs)
print("Layer Normalization")
print(ln.weight.shape)
print(ln.bias.shape)
print(feature_maps_bs[0, ...])
print(output[0, ...])
Layer Normalization
torch.Size([3, 2, 2])
torch.Size([3, 2, 2])
tensor([[[1., 1.],
[1., 1.]],
[[2., 2.],
[2., 2.]],
[[3., 3.],
[3., 3.]]])
tensor([[[-1.2247, -1.2247],
[-1.2247, -1.2247]],
[[ 0.0000, 0.0000],
[ 0.0000, 0.0000]],
[[ 1.2247, 1.2247],
[ 1.2247, 1.2247]]], grad_fn=<SelectBackward>)
这里weight和bias的size都是(3, 2, 2),因为每个样本都有3个特征且每个特征图为(2, 2),所以看出来LayerNorm
更像是逐元素的计算均值和方差。(其实没咋搞懂每层的概念)
Instance Normalization
起因:BN
在图像生成(Image Generation)中不适用
思路:逐Instance(channel)计算均值和方差
nn.InstanceNorm
主要参数:
num_features
:一个样本特征数量(最重要)eps
:分母修正项- momentum:指数加权平均估计当前mean/var
- affine:是否需要affine transform
- track_running_stats:是训练状态,还是测试状态
# Instance Norm
batch_size = 3
num_features = 3
momentum = 0.3
features_shape = (2, 2)
feature_map = torch.ones(features_shape)
feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map * (i + 1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)
feature_maps_bs = torch.stack([feature_maps for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)
print("Instance Normalization")
print("input data: \n {} shape is {}".format(feature_maps_bs, feature_maps_bs.shape))
# 和BatchNorm一样,分为1d、2d和3d
instance_n = nn.InstanceNorm2d(num_features=num_features, momentum=momentum, affine=True)
for i in range(1):
outputs = instance_n(feature_maps_bs)
print(outputs)
print(instance_n.weight.shape)
print(instance_n.bias.shape)
Instance Normalization
input data:
tensor([[[[1., 1.],
[1., 1.]],
[[2., 2.],
[2., 2.]],
[[3., 3.],
[3., 3.]]],
[[[1., 1.],
[1., 1.]],
[[2., 2.],
[2., 2.]],
[[3., 3.],
[3., 3.]]],
[[[1., 1.],
[1., 1.]],
[[2., 2.],
[2., 2.]],
[[3., 3.],
[3., 3.]]]]) shape is torch.Size([3, 3, 2, 2])
tensor([[[[0., 0.],
[0., 0.]],
[[0., 0.],
[0., 0.]],
[[0., 0.],
[0., 0.]]],
[[[0., 0.],
[0., 0.]],
[[0., 0.],
[0., 0.]],
[[0., 0.],
[0., 0.]]],
[[[0., 0.],
[0., 0.]],
[[0., 0.],
[0., 0.]],
[[0., 0.],
[0., 0.]]]], grad_fn=<ViewBackward>)
torch.Size([3])
torch.Size([3])
BatchNorm2d
会将同一批次的同一特征,比如这里3个样本的第一个特征合并计算均值和方差,而Instance Normalization,会每个样本的每个特征图单独计算均值和方差。
Group Normalization
起因:小batch样本中,BN
估计的值不准
思路:数据不够,通道来凑
注意事项:
- 不再有running_mean和running_var
- gamma和beta为逐通道(channel)的
应用场景:大模型(小batch size)任务
nn.GroupNorm
主要参数:
num_groups
:分组数num_channels
:通道数(特征数)eps
:分母修正项affine
:是否需要affine transform
# group norm
batch_size = 2
num_features = 4
num_groups = 2
features_shape = (2, 2)
feature_map = torch.ones(features_shape)
feature_maps = torch.stack([feature_map * (i + 1) for i in range(num_features)], dim=0)
feature_maps_bs = torch.stack([feature_maps for i in range(batch_size)], dim=0)
gn = nn.GroupNorm(num_groups, num_features)
outputs = gn(feature_maps_bs)
print("Group Normalization")
print(gn.weight.shape)
print(outputs[0])
Group Normalization
torch.Size([4])
tensor([[[-1.0000, -1.0000],
[-1.0000, -1.0000]],
[[ 1.0000, 1.0000],
[ 1.0000, 1.0000]],
[[-1.0000, -1.0000],
[-1.0000, -1.0000]],
[[ 1.0000, 1.0000],
[ 1.0000, 1.0000]]], grad_fn=<SelectBackward>)