自编码器

在深度学习中，自编码器是非常有用的一种无监督学习模型。自编码器由encoder和decoder组成，前者将原始表示编码成隐层表示，后者将隐层表示解码成原始表示，训练目标为最小化重构误差，它将输入数据压缩到一个潜在表示空间里面，然后再根据这个表示空间将数据进行重构得到最后的输出数据。编码器和解码器都是用神经网络构建的，整个网络的构建方式和普通的神经网络类似，通过最小化输入和输出之间的差异来得到最好的网络。而且一般而言，隐层的特征维度低于原始特征维度。自编码器只是一种思想，在具体实现中，encoder和decoder可以由多种深度学习模型构成，例如全连接层、卷积层或LSTM等，以下使用Keras来实现用于图像去噪的卷积自编码器。

使用Keras来实现自编码器，encoder和decoder使用CNN来实现。且获取数据集MNIST，观察加载的数据结果

from keras.datasets import mnist
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

(x_train, _), (x_test, _) = mnist.load_data()
print(x_train[0])
plt.imshow(x_train[0],cmap=plt.cm.binary) # 显示黑白图像
plt.show()

结果如下：
print(x_train[0])
[[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 3. 18.
18. 18. 126. 136. 175. 26. 166. 255. 247. 127. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 30. 36. 94. 154. 170. 253.
253. 253. 253. 253. 225. 172. 253. 242. 195. 64. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 49. 238. 253. 253. 253. 253. 253.
253. 253. 253. 251. 93. 82. 82. 56. 39. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 18. 219. 253. 253. 253. 253. 253.
198. 182. 247. 241. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 80. 156. 107. 253. 253. 205.
11. 0. 43. 154. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 14. 1. 154. 253. 90.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 139. 253. 190.
2. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 11. 190. 253.
70. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 35. 241.
225. 160. 108. 1. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 81.
240. 253. 253. 119. 25. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
45. 186. 253. 253. 150. 27. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 16. 93. 252. 253. 187. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 249. 253. 249. 64. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
46. 130. 183. 253. 253. 207. 2. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 39. 148.
229. 253. 253. 253. 250. 182. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 24. 114. 221. 253.
253. 253. 253. 201. 78. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 23. 66. 213. 253. 253. 253.
253. 198. 81. 2. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 18. 171. 219. 253. 253. 253. 253. 195.
80. 9. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 55. 172. 226. 253. 253. 253. 253. 244. 133. 11.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 136. 253. 253. 253. 212. 135. 132. 16. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]
[ 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

将MNIST像素点值转化到0-1区间，并且重塑为N×1×28×28的四维tensor。

x_train = x_train.astype('float32') / 255.
x_test = x_test.astype('float32') / 255.
x_train = np.reshape(x_train, (len(x_train), 28, 28, 1))
x_test = np.reshape(x_test, (len(x_test), 28, 28, 1))

添加噪声，即叠加一个随机的高斯白噪声，并限制加噪之后的值仍处于0-1区间。

noise_factor = 0.5
x_train_noisy = x_train + noise_factor * np.random.normal(loc=0.0, scale=1.0, size=x_train.shape) 
x_test_noisy = x_test + noise_factor * np.random.normal(loc=0.0, scale=1.0, size=x_test.shape) 
x_train_noisy = np.clip(x_train_noisy, 0., 1.)
x_test_noisy = np.clip(x_test_noisy, 0., 1.)

看一下测试集前十张图片加噪以后的结果

n = 10
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 2))
for i in range(n):
    ax = plt.subplot(1, n, i + 1)
    plt.imshow(x_test_noisy[i].reshape(28, 28))
    plt.gray()
    ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
    ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
plt.show()

定义模型的输入。接下来定义encoder部分，由两个32×3×3的卷积层和两个2×2的最大池化层组成

input_img = Input(shape=(28, 28, 1,)) # N * 28 * 28 * 1

x = Conv2D(32, (3, 3), padding='same', activation='relu')(input_img) # 28 * 28 * 32
x = MaxPooling2D((2, 2), padding='same')(x) # 14 * 14 * 32
x = Conv2D(32, (3, 3), padding='same', activation='relu')(x) # 14 * 14 * 32
encoded = MaxPooling2D((2, 2), padding='same')(x) # 7 * 7 * 32

定义decoder部分，由两个32×3×3的卷积层和两个2×2的上采样层组成。

# 7 * 7 * 32
x = Conv2D(32, (3, 3), padding='same', activation='relu')(encoded) # 7 * 7 * 32
x = UpSampling2D((2, 2))(x) # 14 * 14 * 32
x = Conv2D(32, (3, 3), padding='same', activation='relu')(x) # 14 * 14 * 32
x = UpSampling2D((2, 2))(x) # 28 * 28 * 32
decoded = Conv2D(1, (3, 3), padding='same', activation='sigmoid')(x) # 28 * 28 * 1

将输入和输出连接起来，构成autoencoder并compile。

autoencoder = Model(input_img, decoded)
autoencoder.compile(optimizer='adadelta', loss='binary_crossentropy')

使用x_train作为输入和输出来训练我们的autoencoder，并使用x_test进行validation。

autoencoder.fit(x_train_noisy, x_train,
                epochs=100,
                batch_size=128,
                shuffle=True,
                validation_data=(x_test_noisy, x_test))

使用autoencoder对x_test预测，并将预测结果绘制出来，和原始加噪图像进行对比

n = 10
plt.figure(figsize=(20, 4))
for i in range(n):
    # display original
    ax = plt.subplot(2, n, i + 1)
    plt.imshow(x_test_noisy[i].reshape(28, 28))
    plt.gray()
    ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
    ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
 
    # display reconstruction
    ax = plt.subplot(2, n, i + 1 + n)
    plt.imshow(decoded_imgs[i].reshape(28, 28))
    plt.gray()
    ax.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)
    ax.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
plt.show()