Django目录:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41106844/article/details/105554082
中间件的概念
中间件顾名思义,是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程,相对比较轻量级,并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局,所以需要谨慎实用,用不好会影响到性能。
如果你想修改请求,例如被传送到view中的HttpRequest对象。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse对象,这些都可以通过中间件来实现。
可能你还想在view执行之前做一些操作,这种情况就可以用 middleware来实现。每一个中间件都有具体的功能。
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
自定义中间件
中间件一种有四种方法:
process_request:接受请求
process_view:视图函数
process_exception:视图函数的异常处理
process_response:响应请求
process_request,process_response
当用户发起请求的时候会依次经过所有的的中间件,这个时候的请求时process_request,最后到达views的函数中,views函数处理后,在依次穿过中间件,这个时候是process_response,最后返回给请求者。
我们重写一个中间件:
zjj.zjj.urls.py
---------------
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('index/',views.index)
]
zjj.app01.views.py
------------------
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
# Create your views here.
def index(request):
print("view函数...")
return HttpResponse("OK")
zjj.Mymiddlewares.py
--------------------
#我们定义的中间件,必须继承MiddlewareMixin
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md1请求")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md1返回")
return response
class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md2请求")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md2返回")
return response
我们会先执行Md1的request,在执行Md2的request,在执行视图函数。接着按照我们执行request的顺序反向执行response。
如果请求不满足Md2的request的条件,就可以中断请求:
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md1请求")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md1返回")
return response
class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md2请求")
return HttpResponse("Md2中断")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md2返回")
return response
这样请求就到不了视图函数。
process_view
修改代码如下:
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md1请求")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md1返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("Md1view")
class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md2请求")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md2返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("Md2view")
访问页面后查看后台:
当最后一个中间的process_request到达路由关系映射之后,返回到中间件1的process_view,然后依次往下,到达views函数,最后通过process_response依次返回到达用户。
注意:process_view如果有返回值,会越过其他的process_view以及视图函数,但是所有的process_response都还会执行。
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md1请求")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md1返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("Md1view")
response = callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
return response
class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md2请求")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md2返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("Md2view")
process_exception
修改代码如下:
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md1请求")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md1返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("Md1view")
# response = callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
# return response
def process_exception(self):
print("md1 process_exception...")
class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self, request):
print("Md2请求")
def process_response(self, request, response):
print("Md2返回")
return response
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
print("Md2view")
def process_exception(self):
print("md1 process_exception...")
process_exception是在views.py发生错误时进行的异常处理。
我们修改Md2.process_view:
def process_exception(self,request,exception):
print("md2 process_exception...")
return HttpResponse("error")
之后在views.py中设置一个异常,发起请求: