进程是程序的实体,线程是操作系统能够进行运算调度的最小单位。线程被包含在进程中,是进程中实际处理单位。一条线程就是一堆的指令集合。我们可以使用多线程来让一个程序加速运行,让多个线程同时处理进程的不同部分。
一、threading的Thread类
先看几个 threading.Thread 类方法
class Thread:
""""""A class that represents a thread of control."""
def __init__(self, group=None, target=None, name=None,
args=(), kwargs=None, *, daemon=None):
"""
*target* is the callable object to be invoked by the run() method.
*args* is the argument tuple for the target invocation.
*name* is the thread name. By default, a unique name is constructed of
the form "Thread-N" where N is a small decimal number.
"""
def start(self):
"""Start the thread's activity."""
def run(self):
"""Method representing the thread's activity."""
def join(self, timeout=None):
"""Wait until the thread terminates."""
方法 | 描述 |
---|---|
getName(self) | 返回线程的名字 |
isAlive(self) | 若线程正在运行,则返回True |
isDaemon(self) | 返回线程的Deamon标志 |
join(self, timeout=None) | 程序运行,直到线程结束,最多阻塞timeout秒 |
run(self) | 定义线程的功能函数 |
setDeamon(self, deamonic) | 把线程的deamon标志设为deamonic |
setName(self, name) | 设置线程的名字 |
start(self) | 线程开始执行 |
二、创建线程
创建两个线程,分别执行函数funct1和funct2的功能,函数参数为arg1, arg2, …
import threading
t1 = threading.Thread(target=funct1, args=(arg1, arg2,))
t2 = threading.Thread(target=funct2, args=(arg1, arg2,))
举个例子:一个人吃饭和写作业,分别需要5s和3s,使用多线程执行任务:
import threading
from time import sleep, ctime
def eat():
print("Begin eatting at \t %s" %ctime())
sleep(5)
print("End eatting at \t %s" %ctime())
def study():
print("Begin studying at \t %s" %ctime())
sleep(3)
print("End studing \t %s" %ctime())
threads = []
t1 = threading.Thread(target=eat)
threads.append(t1)
t2 = threading.Thread(target=study)
threads.append(t2)
if __name__ == "__main__":
for t in threads:
t.start()
程序执行结果如下:边吃饭边赶作业,吃饭需要5s,写作业需要3s,总耗时为5s
Begin eatting at Sat Oct 5 14:30:21 2019
Begin studying at Sat Oct 5 14:30:21 2019
End studing Sat Oct 5 14:30:24 2019
End eatting at Sat Oct 5 14:30:26 2019
***Repl Closed***
下面是使用单线程的结果:
import threading
from time import sleep, ctime
def eat():
print("Begin eatting at \t %s" %ctime())
sleep(5)
print("End eatting at \t\t %s" %ctime())
def study():
print("Begin studying at \t %s" %ctime())
sleep(3)
print("End studing \t\t %s" %ctime())
if __name__ == "__main__":
eat()
study()
输出结果如下:
Begin eatting at Sat Oct 5 14:33:42 2019
End eatting at Sat Oct 5 14:33:47 2019
Begin studying at Sat Oct 5 14:33:47 2019
End studing Sat Oct 5 14:33:50 2019
***Repl Closed***
三、join()函数与setDaemon()函数
join()函数:在子线程执行完成之前,这个子线程的父线程将一直被阻塞。就是说,当调用join()的子进程没有结束之前,主进程不会往下执行。对其它子进程没有影响。
if __name__ == "__main__":
for t in threads:
t.start()
t.join()
得到的结果是每一条任务都顺序执行(因为对每一个线程都设置了Deamon为True)
Begin eatting at Sat Oct 5 14:51:33 2019
End eatting at Sat Oct 5 14:51:38 2019
Begin studying at Sat Oct 5 14:51:38 2019
End studing Sat Oct 5 14:51:41 2019
***Repl Closed***
setDeamon()有时候我们需要的是 只要主线程完成了,不管子线程是否完成,都要和主线程一起退出,这时就可以用setDaemon方法。
if __name__ == "__main__":
for t in threads:
t.setDaemon(True)
t.start()
print("All over %s" %ctime)
结果如下:当个主线程执行完后,不论子线程是否还在执行,直接结束程序:
Begin eatting at Sat Oct 5 14:54:45 2019
Begin studying at Sat Oct 5 14:54:45 2019
All over <built-in function ctime>
***Repl Closed***
四、其他函数的使用
1、getName(self):获取线程的名字
threads = []
t1 = threading.Thread(target=eat)
t1.setName("eat")
threads.append(t1)
t2 = threading.Thread(target=study)
t2.setName("study")
threads.append(t2)
if __name__ == "__main__":
for t in threads:
print(t.getName())
输出结果:
eat
study
***Repl Closed***
2、同步锁
多个线程同时操作同一个共享资源,所以导致冲突,这种情况就需要用同步锁来解决。
def add():
lock.acquire() #加同步锁
a += 1 # 修改变量
lock.release() #解锁
关于多线程的运用,下次再说吧 完结~