C#学习笔记（四）

值参数

声明时不带修饰符的形参叫做值参数，一个值参数对应一个局部变量。

值参数的初始值来自该方法调用时所提供的实参的值。

GetHashCode()方法，返回代表对象的唯一编码。

一.传值参数

1.值类型传值参数

创建副本，不直接操作值。

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int num = 200;
            Console.WriteLine("in main {0} and HashCode {1}", num, num.GetHashCode());
            ChangeNum(num);
            Console.WriteLine("in main after method {0} and HashCode {1}", num, num.GetHashCode());
        }

        static void ChangeNum(int num)
        {
            num = 100;
            Console.WriteLine("in method {0} and HashCode {1}",num, num.GetHashCode());
        }
    }

2.引用类型传值参数

①方法体内创建新对象，不改变传入对象的状态

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
;           Student stu = new Student() { name = "SpongeBob" };
            Console.WriteLine("in main name {0} and HashCode {1}", stu.name, stu.GetHashCode());
            GrowStudent(stu);
            Console.WriteLine("in main after method name {0} and HashCode {1}", stu.name, stu.GetHashCode());
        }

        static void GrowStudent(Student stu)
        {
            stu = new Student() { name = "Eilenial" };
            Console.WriteLine("in method name {0} and HashCode {1}", stu.name, stu.GetHashCode());
        }

    }

其输出为：

 

 ②方法体内不创建新对象，直接操作传入对象

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
;           Student stu = new Student() { name = "SpongeBob" };
            Console.WriteLine("in main name {0} and HashCode {1}", stu.name, stu.GetHashCode());
            ChangeStudent(stu);
            Console.WriteLine("in main after method name {0} and HashCode {1}", stu.name, stu.GetHashCode());
        }

        static void ChangeStudent(Student stu)
        {
            stu.name = "Eilenial";
            Console.WriteLine("in method name {0} and HashCode {1}", stu.name, stu.GetHashCode());
        }

    }

其输出为：

 

二.引用参数（ref 修饰）

        *注：引用参数在方法声明与调用时都必须用ref修饰

        引用参数本质上引用的是对象的指针（即在内存中的存储地址）

1.值类型

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int x = 0;
            Console.WriteLine("in main x = {0} and HashCode {1}", x, x.GetHashCode());
            AddOne(ref x);
            Console.WriteLine("in main after method x = {0} and HashCode {1}", x, x.GetHashCode());
        }

        static void AddOne(ref int x)
        {
            x++;
            Console.WriteLine("in method x = {0} and HashCode {1}", x, x.GetHashCode());
        }

    }

其输出为：

 2.引用类型

①方法体内创建新对象，对新对象进行操作后将新对象的值赋给传入的参数

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Student oldStu = new Student() { name = "SpongeBob" };
            Console.WriteLine("in main name {0} and HashCode {1}", oldStu.name, oldStu.GetHashCode());
            ChangeStudent(ref oldStu);
            Console.WriteLine("in main after method name {0} and HashCode {1}", oldStu.name, oldStu.GetHashCode());
        }

        static void ChangeStudent(ref Student stu)
        {
            stu = new Student() { name = "Eilenial" };
            Console.WriteLine("in method name {0} and HashCode {1}", stu.name, stu.GetHashCode());
        }

    }

其输出为：

 ②方法体内不创建新对象，直接操作传入的对象

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Student oldStu = new Student() { name = "SpongeBob" };
            Console.WriteLine("in main name {0} and HashCode {1}", oldStu.name, oldStu.GetHashCode());
            ChangeStudent(ref oldStu);
            Console.WriteLine("in main after method name {0} and HashCode {1}", oldStu.name, oldStu.GetHashCode());
        }

        static void ChangeStudent(ref Student stu)
        {
            stu.name = "Eilenial";
            Console.WriteLine("in method name {0} and HashCode {1}", stu.name, stu.GetHashCode());
        }

    }

其输出为：

 三.输出参数（out修饰）

         *注：输出参数在方法声明与调用时都必须用out修饰

        C#中并不要求调用时一定要初始out参数，但在方法体内一定要初始化。

        ①值类型

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string x = Console.ReadLine();
            double y = 0;
            if (StringToDouble2(x, out y))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Y is {0}",y);
            }
            else
            {
                return;
            }
        }

        static bool StringToDouble2(string x, out double result)
        {
            try
            {
                result = Math.Round(double.Parse(x), 2);
                return true;
            }
            catch
            {
                result = 0;
                throw new Exception("Enter something wrong!");
                //return false; 可以省略，抛出异常的同时方法执行中断了
            }
            
                
        }

    }

        ②输出类型

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Student stu = new Student();

            Console.WriteLine("Enter name: ");
            string name = Console.ReadLine();
            
            Console.WriteLine("Enter age: ");
            int age = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

            if (CreateStudent(name, age, out stu)) //调用方法
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Student {0}'s age is {1}", stu.name, stu.age);
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Enter something wrong.");
                return;
            }
        }

//输出参数一般会与返回boolean的方法一起使用，起到判断传入参数是否符合规定，符合后再经过操作输出
        static bool CreateStudent(string stuName, int stuAge,out Student stu)
        {
            stu = null;
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(stuName))//尽早return，提高代码的可读性
                return false;
            if (stuAge < 10 && stuAge > 60)
                return false;
            stu = new Student() { name = stuName, age = stuAge };
            return true;
        }

    }
    class Student
    {
        public string name { get; set; }
        public int age { get; set; }
    }

四.数组参数（params修饰）

        数组参数必须是形参列表中的最后一个参数且只能有1个。

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int result = AddIntArray(2, 2, 3, 4); 
//第一个2对应方法的形参 index，后面值的则被归纳进形参arr这个整型数组中
            Console.WriteLine(result);

            string name = "Tim,Willen.Hoolen!Ricky";
            string[] nameList = name.Split(',', '.', '!'); 
//string.Split（）方法也是一个常用的用到数组参数的方法
            foreach (var n in nameList)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(n);
            }
        }
        
        static int AddIntArray(int index, params int[] arr)
        {
            int result = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
            {
                result += arr[i];
            }
            return result;
        }
    }

五.具名参数

        参数位置不再受约束（调用方法时使用）

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ShowSomething(name: "HallenWill", age: 52); 
//此处用具名参数，调用方法时并没有遵照方法规定的参数顺序
        }
        
        static void ShowSomething(int age, string name)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("{0} and {1}",age,name);
        }
    }

六.可选参数

        因参数有默认值变得可选（一般不使用，这样会造成代码可读性的减少）

        *注：可选参数必须出现在所有的必须参数后

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ShowSomething();
            ShowSomething(15,"Haaa");
            ShowSomethingOther(10);
            ShowSomethingOther(10,"Haaa");
        }
        
        static void ShowSomething(int age = 0, string name = "NoName")
        {
            Console.WriteLine("{0} and {1}",age,name);
        }

        static void ShowSomethingOther(int age, string name = "NoName")
        {
            Console.WriteLine("{0} and {1}", age, name);
        }
    }

 七.扩展方法（this参数）

• 方法必须是公有的，静态的（public static修饰）
• 必须为形参列表的第一个，被this修饰
• 必须由一个静态类（static class [SomeType]Extension）来统一收纳SomeType类型的扩展方法

    class LearnArgs
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            double x = 1.23456;
            double y = x.Round(2);
            Console.WriteLine(y);
        }
    }

    static class DoubleExtension
    {
        public static double Round(this double input, int digital)
        {
                return Math.Round(input, digital);
        }
    }

LINQ方法 - Language Integrated Querry语言集成查询方法

    using System.Linq;
    
    class KnowLINQ
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int[] myArray = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
            bool result = myArray.All(i => i < 10);
            Console.WriteLine(result);
        }
    }