网络层---路由及实验(默认静态)

本文档详述了路由器在网络层中的作用,包括数据包转发、路由表的形成以及直连和非直连网段的路由配置。通过实例展示了R1、R2和R3路由器的接口配置和静态路由设置,包括默认路由和浮动静态路由。实验结果显示,静态路由成功实现了网络间的通信路径。
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路由

路由器的作用

①能够将数据包转发到正确的目的地,并在转发过程中选择最佳路径的设备
②路由器通过查询路由表,实现数据包转发
③隔离广播域

路由表

路由器是根据路由表做路径选择的,是路由器中维护的路由条目的集合。

路由表的形成

直连网段

配置ip地址,端口up状态,形成直连路由

非直连网段

可以通过静态添加和动态学习
静态路由:由管理员手工配置的,单向的,优点:便于管理;缺点:缺乏灵活性。
默认路由:是一种特殊的静态路由,当路由器在路由表中找不到目标网络的路由条目时,路由器把请求转发到默认路由端口

静态路由的相关配置命令

ip route-static 目标网段 子网掩码 下一跳接口地址 静态路由的配置
ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 下一跳 默认静态路由配置
dis ip route-table 查看路由表
dis arp 查看arp表

浮动静态

静态路由优先级是60,配置浮动静态就是改变优先级参数,使之主线路断开之后,能使网络照样工作。
ip route-static 目标网段 子网掩码 下一跳接口地址 pre 70(优先级) 浮动路由

路由的转发和封装

在这里插入图片描述
主机a想要与主机b通信,先查看自己的arp表,没有主机b的mac就发送arp请求广播,路由器a收到后会回复一个arp单播应答,路由器a会检查ip地址,将数据包解封装,源ip地址和目的ip地址不变,检查自己的路由表是否能达到目标ip网段,没有则丢弃,是则将数据包转到准备发出的接口,重新封装后源mac地址变为发出数据接口的mac地址,目的mac未知。所以路由器a继续广播寻找主机b的mac地址,同理路由器 b广播寻找主机b的mac地址,主机b收到会单播回应。回去的包同理,只不过源ip和目的ip对调。

相关实验

1.在这里插入图片描述
首先R1上接口地址

[R1]dis cu
[V200R003C00]
#
 sysname R1
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
aaa 
 authentication-scheme default
 authorization-scheme default
 accounting-scheme default
 domain default 
 domain default_admin 
 local-user admin password cipher %$%$K8m.Nt84DZ}e#<0`8bmE3Uw}%$%$
 local-user admin service-type http
#
firewall zone Local
 priority 15
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
 ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 
#
interface NULL0
#
user-interface con 0
 authentication-mode password
user-interface vty 0 4
user-interface vty 16 20
#
wlan ac
#
return
[R1]

R2接口地址

[R2]dis cu
[V200R003C00]
#
 sysname R2
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
aaa 
 authentication-scheme default
 authorization-scheme default
 accounting-scheme default
 domain default 
 domain default_admin 
 local-user admin password cipher %$%$K8m.Nt84DZ}e#<0`8bmE3Uw}%$%$
 local-user admin service-type http
#
firewall zone Local
 priority 15
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0 
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
#
interface NULL0
#
user-interface con 0
 authentication-mode password
user-interface vty 0 4
user-interface vty 16 20
#
wlan ac
#
return
[R2]

R3接口地址

[R3]dis cu
[V200R003C00]
#
 sysname R3
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
aaa 
 authentication-scheme default
 authorization-scheme default
 accounting-scheme default
 domain default 
 domain default_admin 
 local-user admin password cipher %$%$K8m.Nt84DZ}e#<0`8bmE3Uw}%$%$
 local-user admin service-type http
#
firewall zone Local
 priority 15
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
 ip address 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.0 
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
 ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 
#
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
#
interface NULL0
#
user-interface con 0
 authentication-mode password
user-interface vty 0 4
user-interface vty 16 20
#
wlan ac
#
return
[R3]

此时三个路由器中的路由表都只有直连路由

[R1]dis ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.1.1     GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
    192.168.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
  192.168.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
    192.168.2.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.2.1     GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
    192.168.2.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
  192.168.2.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
   192.168.10.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.10.1    GigabitEthernet
0/0/2
   192.168.10.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/2
 192.168.10.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/2
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R1]
[R2]dis ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 10       Routes : 10       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
   192.168.10.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.10.2    GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
   192.168.10.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
 192.168.10.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
   192.168.20.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.20.1    GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
   192.168.20.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
 192.168.20.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R2]
[R3]dis ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 10       Routes : 10       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   10.0.0.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
 10.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
   192.168.20.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.20.2    GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
   192.168.20.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
 192.168.20.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R3]

在R1上配置默认路由

[R1]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 192.168.10.2

查看路由表,可以看到默认路由写上去了

[R1]dis ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 14       Routes : 14       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        0.0.0.0/0   Static  60   0          RD   192.168.10.2    GigabitEthernet
0/0/2
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.1.1     GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
    192.168.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
  192.168.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
    192.168.2.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.2.1     GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
    192.168.2.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
  192.168.2.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
   192.168.10.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.10.1    GigabitEthernet
0/0/2
   192.168.10.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/2
 192.168.10.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/2
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R1]

R2的配置及路由表,可以看到有到1.0和2.0和sever的静态

[R2]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 192.168.10.1
[R2]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 192.168.10.1
[R2]ip route-static 10.0.0.0 8 192.168.20.2
[R2]dis ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.0.0.0/8   Static  60   0          RD   192.168.20.2    GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   192.168.10.1    GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
    192.168.2.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   192.168.10.1    GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
   192.168.10.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.10.2    GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
   192.168.10.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
 192.168.10.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
   192.168.20.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.20.1    GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
   192.168.20.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
 192.168.20.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0


R3的配置及路由表,可以看到到1.0和2.0和10.0的静态路由

[R3]ip route-static 192.168.10.0 24 192.168.20.1
[R3]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 192.168.20.1
[R3]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 192.168.20.1
[R3]dis ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 13       Routes : 13       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       10.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   10.0.0.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
 10.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   192.168.20.1    GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
    192.168.2.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   192.168.20.1    GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
   192.168.10.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   192.168.20.1    GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
   192.168.20.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.20.2    GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
   192.168.20.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
 192.168.20.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R3]

此时pc1 pc2可以与sever通信

在这里插入图片描述

在这里插入图片描述

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