系统级程序设计 - 机器层面编程 1: 基础

History of Intel processors and architectures

• Complex instruction set computer (CISC)
  – Many different instructions with many different formats
  – But, only small subset encountered with Linux programs
• Hard to match performance of Reduced Instruction Set Computers
  (RISC)
  – But, Intel has done just that!
  – In terms of speed. Less so for low power.

C, assembly, machine code

Definitions:

• Architecture: The part of a processor design that one needs to understand or write assembly/machine code.
• Microarchitecture: Implementation of the architecture

Assembly/Machine Code View

Programmer - Visible State

1. PC: Program counter
   –Address of next instruction
   –Called “RIP”
2. Register file
   –Heavily used program data
3. Condition codes
   – Store status information about most recent
   arithmetic or logical operation
   – Used for conditional branching
4. Memory
   – Byte addressable array
   – Code and user data
   – Stack to support procedures

Turning C into Object Code

Compiling Into Assembly

gcc -Og -S Test.c

Data Types

• “Integer” data of 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes
  – Data values
  – Addresses (untyped pointers)
• Floating point data of 4, 8, or 10 bytes
• Code: Byte sequences encoding series of instructions
• No aggregate types such as arrays or structures
  – Just contiguously allocated bytes in memory

Operations

• 在寄存器或者内存的数据上做运算操作
• 传输数据在内存和寄存器之间
• 传输控制
  – 无条件跳转
  – 条件分支

Object Code

Assembler

• Translates .s into .o
• Binary encoding of each instruction
• Nearly-complete image of executable code
• Missing linkages between code in different files

Linker

• Resolves references between files
• Combines with static run-time libraries
  – E.g.,codeformalloc,printf
• Some libraries are dynamically linked
  – Linking occurs when program begins execution

Assembly Basics: Registers, operands, move

X86-64 Integer Register

Moving Data

movq Source,Dest:
Operand Types

1. Immediate: Constant integer data

• Example: $0x400, $-533
• Like C constant, but prefixed with ‘$’
• Encoded with 1, 2, or 4 bytes

2. Register: One of 16 integer registers

• Example: %rax, %r13
• But %rsp reserved for special use
• Others have special uses for particular instructions

3. Memory: 8 consecutive bytes of memory at address given by register

• Simplest example: (%rax)
• Various other “address modes”

movq Operand Combinations

不能做内存到内存到转换通过将单一指令

Simple Memory Addressing Modes

Example

Complete Memory Addressing Modes

Most General Form

D(Rb,Ri,S)
Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]+ D]
D: Constant “displacement” 1, 2, or 4 bytes
Rb: Base register: Any of 16 integer registers
Ri: Index register: Any, except for %rsp
S: Scale: 1, 2, 4, or 8 (why these numbers?)

Special Cases

(Rb,Ri)==>Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]]

D(Rb,Ri) ==>Mem[Reg[Rb]+Reg[Ri]+D]

(Rb,Ri,S)==> Mem[Reg[Rb]+S*Reg[Ri]]

Arithmetic & logical operations

Address Computation Instruction

leaq Src, Dst

• Src is address mode expression
• Set Dst to address denoted by expression

Uses

• Computing addresses without a memory reference
  – E.g., translation of p = &x[i];
• Computing arithmetic expressions of the form x + k*y
  – k = 1, 2, 4, or 8
  

Some Arithmetic Operations

Two Operand Instructions:

Arithmetic Expression Example

Summary

History of Intel processors and architectures

Evolutionary design leads to many quirks and artifacts

C, assembly, machine code

• New forms of visible state: program counter, registers …
• Compiler must transform statements, expressions, procedures into low-level instruction sequences

Assembly Basics: Registers, operands, move

• The x86-64 move instructions cover wide range of data movement forms

Arithmetic

• C compiler will figure out different instruction combinations to carry out computation