hdu 6397 Character Encoding（逆元+容斥原理）

最新推荐文章于 2019-08-13 11:49:56 发布

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本文探讨了计算机科学中字符编码的概念，介绍了ASCII及其扩展版本，并提出了一道有趣的数学问题：在一个给定大小的字符集编码系统中，有多少个长度为m的单词，使得所有字符的编码数之和等于k？文章提供了详细的解题思路和代码实现。

Problem Description

In computer science, a character is a letter, a digit, a punctuation mark or some other similar symbol. Since computers can only process numbers, number codes are used to represent characters, which is known as character encoding. A character encoding system establishes a bijection between the elements of an alphabet of a certain size n and integers from 0 to n−1 . Some well known character encoding systems include American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), which has an alphabet size 128, and the extended ASCII, which has an alphabet size 256.

For example, in ASCII encoding system, the word wdy is encoded as [119, 100, 121], while jsw is encoded as [106, 115, 119]. It can be noticed that both 119+100+121=340 and 106+115+119=340 , thus the sum of the encoded numbers of the two words are equal. In fact, there are in all 903 such words of length 3 in an encoding system of alphabet size 128 (in this example, ASCII). The problem is as follows: given an encoding system of alphabet size n where each character is encoded as a number between 0 and n−1 inclusive, how many different words of length m are there, such that the sum of the encoded numbers of all characters is equal to k ?

Since the answer may be large, you only need to output it modulo 998244353.

Input

The first line of input is a single integer T (1≤T≤400) , the number of test cases.

Each test case includes a line of three integers n,m,k (1≤n,m≤105,0≤k≤105) , denoting the size of the alphabet of the encoding system, the length of the word, and the required sum of the encoded numbers of all characters, respectively.

It is guaranteed that the sum of n , the sum of m and the sum of k don't exceed 5×106 , respectively.

Output

For each test case, display the answer modulo 998244353 in a single line.

Sample Input

4 2 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 128 3 340

Sample Output

1 0 7 903

Source

2018 Multi-University Training Contest 8

神一样的题目，神一样的大佬

这里讲的比较好： https://blog.csdn.net/gymgym1212/article/details/81708498

逆元运算：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41431457/article/details/89813606

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define lom  long long 
#define M  200005
const int mod=998244353;
using namespace std;
lom inv[M],A[M];
lom quick(lom a,lom b,lom c)//快速幂取模 
{
	lom ans=1;
	a%=c;
	while(b)
	{
		if(b&1) ans=ans*a%c;
		a=a*a%c;	
		b>>=1;
	}
	return ans%c;
}
void getinv()
{
	inv[0]=quick(1,mod-2,mod);
	A[0]=1;
	for(int i=1;i<=M;i++)
	{
		A[i]=A[i-1]*i%mod;//i!
		inv[i]=quick(A[i],mod-2,mod);//i! 的逆元 
	}
}
lom C(lom a,lom b) 
{
	if(b>a) return 0;
	return A[a]*inv[b]%mod*inv[a-b]%mod;
}
int main()
{
	getinv();
	int t;
	cin>>t;
	while(t--)
	{
		lom n,m,k;
		cin>>n>>m>>k;
		if(k==0)
			cout<<'1'<<endl;
		else if(k>m*(n-1))
			cout<<'0'<<endl;
		else if(k<n)
			cout<<C(m+k-1,k)<<endl;
		else 
		{
			lom ans=C(m+k-1,m-1);
			int flag=-1;
			for(int i=1; i<=m; i++)
			{
				ans+=flag*C(m,i)*C(m+k-i*n-1,m-1)%mod;
				ans=(ans%mod+mod)%mod;
				flag=-1*flag;
			}
			cout<<ans<<endl;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}