@Target、@Retenrion注解

@Target用来表示注解作用范围，超过这个作用范围，编译的时候就会报错。
java.lang.annotation.ElementType
Target通过ElementType来指定注解可使用范围的枚举集合，枚举集合如下

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package io.swagger.annotations;

import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface ApiOperation {
    String value();

    String notes() default "";

    String[] tags() default {""};

    Class<?> response() default Void.class;

    String responseContainer() default "";

    String responseReference() default "";

    String httpMethod() default "";

    /** @deprecated */
    @Deprecated
    int position() default 0;

    String nickname() default "";

    String produces() default "";

    String consumes() default "";

    String protocols() default "";

    Authorization[] authorizations() default {@Authorization("")};

    boolean hidden() default false;

    ResponseHeader[] responseHeaders() default {@ResponseHeader(
    name = "",
    response = Void.class
)};

    int code() default 200;

    Extension[] extensions() default {@Extension(
    properties = {@ExtensionProperty(
    name = "",
    value = ""
)}
)};

    boolean ignoreJsonView() default false;
}

package java.lang.annotation;

/**
 * The constants of this enumerated type provide a simple classification of the
 * syntactic locations where annotations may appear in a Java program. These
 * constants are used in {@link Target java.lang.annotation.Target}
 * meta-annotations to specify where it is legal to write annotations of a
 * given type.
 *
 * <p>The syntactic locations where annotations may appear are split into
 * <em>declaration contexts</em> , where annotations apply to declarations, and
 * <em>type contexts</em> , where annotations apply to types used in
 * declarations and expressions.
 *
 * <p>The constants {@link #ANNOTATION_TYPE} , {@link #CONSTRUCTOR} , {@link
 * #FIELD} , {@link #LOCAL_VARIABLE} , {@link #METHOD} , {@link #PACKAGE} ,
 * {@link #PARAMETER} , {@link #TYPE} , and {@link #TYPE_PARAMETER} correspond
 * to the declaration contexts in JLS 9.6.4.1.
 *
 * <p>For example, an annotation whose type is meta-annotated with
 * {@code @Target(ElementType.FIELD)} may only be written as a modifier for a
 * field declaration.
 *
 * <p>The constant {@link #TYPE_USE} corresponds to the 15 type contexts in JLS
 * 4.11, as well as to two declaration contexts: type declarations (including
 * annotation type declarations) and type parameter declarations.
 *
 * <p>For example, an annotation whose type is meta-annotated with
 * {@code @Target(ElementType.TYPE_USE)} may be written on the type of a field
 * (or within the type of the field, if it is a nested, parameterized, or array
 * type), and may also appear as a modifier for, say, a class declaration.
 *
 * <p>The {@code TYPE_USE} constant includes type declarations and type
 * parameter declarations as a convenience for designers of type checkers which
 * give semantics to annotation types. For example, if the annotation type
 * {@code NonNull} is meta-annotated with
 * {@code @Target(ElementType.TYPE_USE)}, then {@code @NonNull}
 * {@code class C {...}} could be treated by a type checker as indicating that
 * all variables of class {@code C} are non-null, while still allowing
 * variables of other classes to be non-null or not non-null based on whether
 * {@code @NonNull} appears at the variable's declaration.
 *
 * @author  Joshua Bloch
 * @since 1.5
 * @jls 9.6.4.1 @Target
 * @jls 4.1 The Kinds of Types and Values
 */
public enum ElementType {
    /** Class, interface (including annotation type), or enum declaration */
    TYPE,

    /** Field declaration (includes enum constants) */
    FIELD,

    /** Method declaration */
    METHOD,

    /** Formal parameter declaration */
    PARAMETER,

    /** Constructor declaration */
    CONSTRUCTOR,

    /** Local variable declaration */
    LOCAL_VARIABLE,

    /** Annotation type declaration */
    ANNOTATION_TYPE,

    /** Package declaration */
    PACKAGE,

    /**
     * Type parameter declaration
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    TYPE_PARAMETER,

    /**
     * Use of a type
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    TYPE_USE
}

ElementType：

取值	注解使用范围
TYPE	可用于类或者接口上
FIELD	可用于域上
METHOD	可用于方法上
PARAMETER	可用于参数上
CONSTRUCTOR	可用于构造方法上
LOCAL_VARIABLE	可用于局部变量上
ANNOTATION_TYPE	可用于注解类型上（被interface修饰的类型）
PACKAGE	用于记录java文件的package信息

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Retention定义了该Annotation被保留的时间长短

@Retenrion通过RetebtionPolicy表示需要在什么级别保存该注释信息，用于描述注解的生命周期（即：被描述的注解在什么范围内有效
RetentionPoicy取值有：

package java.lang.annotation;

/**
 * Annotation retention policy.  The constants of this enumerated type
 * describe the various policies for retaining annotations.  They are used
 * in conjunction with the {@link Retention} meta-annotation type to specify
 * how long annotations are to be retained.
 *
 * @author  Joshua Bloch
 * @since 1.5
 */
public enum RetentionPolicy {
    /**
     * Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler.
     */
    SOURCE,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler
     * but need not be retained by the VM at run time.  This is the default
     * behavior.
     */
    CLASS,

    /**
     * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and
     * retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively.
     *
     * @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement
     */
    RUNTIME
}

取值	有效范围
SOURCE	在源文件中有效（即源文件保留）
CLASS	在class文件中有效（即class保留）
RUNTIMR	在运行时有效（即运行时保留）

1、RetentionPolicy.SOURCE：注解只保留在源文件，当Java文件编译成class文件的时候，注解被遗弃；
2、RetentionPolicy.CLASS：注解被保留到class文件，但jvm加载class文件时候被遗弃，这是默认的生命周期；
3、RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME：注解不仅被保存到class文件中，jvm加载class文件之后，仍然存在；

这3个生命周期分别对应于：Java源文件(.java文件) —> .class文件 —> 内存中的字节码。

那怎么来选择合适的注解生命周期呢？

首先要明确生命周期长度 SOURCE < CLASS < RUNTIME ，所以前者能作用的地方后者一定也能作用。一般如果需要在运行时去动态获取注解信息，那只能用 RUNTIME 注解；如果要在编译时进行一些预处理操作，比如生成一些辅助代码（如 ButterKnife），就用 CLASS注解；如果只是做一些检查性的操作，比如 @Override 和 @SuppressWarnings，则可选用 SOURCE 注解。

@Documented
Documented注解表明这个注释是由 javadoc记录的，在默认情况下也有类似的记录工具。 如果一个类型声明被注释了文档化，它的注释成为公共API的一部分

package java.lang.annotation;

/**
 * Indicates that annotations with a type are to be documented by javadoc
 * and similar tools by default.  This type should be used to annotate the
 * declarations of types whose annotations affect the use of annotated
 * elements by their clients.  If a type declaration is annotated with
 * Documented, its annotations become part of the public API
 * of the annotated elements.
 *
 * @author  Joshua Bloch
 * @since 1.5
 */
@Documented
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE)
public @interface Documented {
}

@Component泛指组件，当组件不好归类的时候，我们可以使用这个注解进行标注

//
// Source code recreated from a .class file by IntelliJ IDEA
// (powered by Fernflower decompiler)
//

package org.springframework.stereotype;

import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.lang.annotation.Target;

@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Indexed
public @interface Component {
    String value() default "";
}