Python基础知识（七）——面向对象编程OOP

Python基础知识（七）

一、面向对象

（一）、面向对象特征

1、封装

使用importlib 可以在测试时，在控制台上看到每个集合的详细信息。
在.py文件中，repr(self)：定义在控制台上的输出效果
str(self)：定义打印的效果

class Book:
    def __init__(self,title,price =0.0,author = None):
        self.title = title
        self.price = price
        self.author = author

    def print_info(self):
        print(self.title,self.price,self.author)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    book = Book('Python经典',price = 29.0,author = 'Tom')
    book.print_info()

运行结果：

class Book:
    def __init__(self,title,price =0.0,author = None):
        self.title = title
        self.price = price
        self.author = author
   
    def __str__(self):
         return '[图书：{}，定价：{}]'.format(self.title,self.price)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<图书：{}>'.format(self.title)

    def print_info(self):
        print(self.title,self.price,self.author)

控制台上：

>>>import main
>>>import importlib
>>>importlib.reload(main)
<module 'main' from 'E:\\mypython01\\main.py'>
>>>print(b)
[图书：Python，定价：0.0]
>>
>>>print(b)
[图书：Python，定价：0.0]
>>>importlib.reload(main)
<module 'main' from 'E:\\mypython01\\main.py'>
>>>b = main.Book('C#')
>>>b
<图书：C# at 0x1959451130232>

注：下面例子中的count变量 属于图书的信息但是和实例无关的变量不要写在__init__里，写在类里。

class Book:
    count = 0
    def __init__(self,title,price =0.0,author = None):
        self.title = title
        self.price = price
        self.author = author

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<图书：{} at 0x{}>'.format(self.title,id(self))

    def __str__(self):
        return '[图书：{}，定价：{}]'.format(self.title,self.price)

    def print_info(self):
        print(self.title,self.price,self.author)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    book = Book('Python经典',price = 29.0,author = 'Tom')
    book.count += 1
    book2 = Book('Flask')
    book.count +=1
    book3 = Book('ASP.net')
    book.count +=1

    print('图书数量：{}'.format(book.count))

运行结果：

代码改进：

class Book:
    count = 0
    def __init__(self,title,price =0.0,author = None):
        self.title = title
        self.price = price
        self.author = author
        Book.count +=1

    #删除对象执行
    def __del__(self):
        Book.count -= 1

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<图书：{} at 0x{}>'.format(self.title,id(self))

    def __str__(self):
        return '[图书：{}，定价：{}]'.format(self.title,self.price)

    def print_info(self):
        print(self.title,self.price,self.author)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    book = Book('Python经典',price = 29.0,author = 'Tom')
    book2 = Book('Flask')
    book3 = Book('ASP.net')

    del(book3)

运行结果：

注：全局的静态变量可以通过实例来调用，如果不改变值，其值和全局相同，如果改变count值，得到的变量值book2.count和全局变量无关。

   class Book:
    count = 0
    def __init__(self,title,price =0.0,author = None):
        self.title = title
        self.price = price
        self.author = author
        Book.count +=1


    def __repr__(self):
        return '<图书：{} at 0x{}>'.format(self.title,id(self))

    def __str__(self):
        return '[图书：{}，定价：{}]'.format(self.title,self.price)

    def print_info(self):
        print(self.title,self.price,self.author)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    book = Book('Python经典',price = 29.0,author = 'Tom')
    book2 = Book('Flask')
    book3 = Book('ASP.net')

    print('图书数量：{}'.format(Book.count))
    print('图书数量：{}'.format(book2.count))
    book2.count = 99
    print('图书数量：{}'.format(Book.count))
    print('图书数量：{}'.format(book2.count))

运行结果：

注：static_mathod():是静态函数，逻辑上与实例无关，不能通过实例调用（book2.static_method()）在前面加上@static_method使得静态函数既可以被类调用，也可以被函数调用。

定义只能被类调用的函数：

  class Book:
   count = 0
   def __init__(self,title,price =0.0,author = None):
       self.title = title
       self.price = price
       self.author = author
       Book.count += 1

   def __repr__(self):
       return '<图书：{} at 0x{}>'.format(self.title,id(self))

   def __str__(self):
       return '[图书：{}，定价：{}]'.format(self.title,self.price)

   def print_info(self):
       print(self.title,self.price,self.author)

   def cls_method(cls):     #未绑定的方法或者是类的方法
       print('类函数')

   def static_method():
       print('静态函数，逻辑上与实例无关')


if __name__ == '__main__':
   book = Book('Python经典',price = 29.0,author = 'Tom')
   book2 = Book('Flask')
   book3 = Book('ASP.net')

   Book.cls_method(book2)
   Book.static_method()

运行结果：

过滤一下别人所赋的值
方法一：写一个函数

import datetime
class Student:

    def __init__(self,name,birthdate):
        self.name = name
        self.birthdate = birthdate

    def get_age(self):
        return datetime.date.today().year - self.birthdate.year


if __name__ == '__main__':
    s = Student('Tom',datetime.date(1992,3,1))
    print(s.birthdate)
    print(s.get_age())

运行结果：

方法二：使用装饰器@property进行过滤，使age和成员属性一致

import datetime
class Student:

    def __init__(self,name,birthdate):
        self.name = name
        self.birthdate = birthdate
    @property
    def age(self):
        return datetime.date.today().year - self.birthdate.year


if __name__ == '__main__':
    s = Student('Tom',datetime.date(1992,3,1))
    print(s.birthdate)
    print(s.age)

运行结果：

注：@property和@age.setter、@age.deleter配合使用

import datetime
class Student:

    def __init__(self,name,birthdate):
        self.name = name
        self.birthdate = birthdate
    @property
    def age(self):
        return datetime.date.today().year - self.birthdate.year
    @age.setter
    def age(self,value):
        raise AttributeError('禁止赋值年龄！')

    @age.deleter
    def age(self):
        raise AttributeError ('年龄不能删除')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    s = Student('Tom',datetime.date(1992,3,1))
    print(s.birthdate)
    print(s.age)
    s.birthdate = datetime.date(1982,8,2)
    print(s.birthdate)
    print(s.age)

运行结果：

年龄（age）不能更改和删除

import datetime
class Student:

    def __init__(self,name,birthdate):
        self.name = name
        self.birthdate = birthdate
    @property
    def age(self):
        return datetime.date.today().year - self.birthdate.year
    @age.setter
    def age(self,value):
        raise AttributeError('禁止赋值年龄！')

    @age.deleter
    def age(self):
        raise AttributeError ('年龄不能删除')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    s = Student('Tom',datetime.date(1992,3,1))
    print(s.birthdate)
    print(s.age)
    s.birthdate = datetime.date(1982,8,2)
    s.age = 20
    print(s.birthdate)
    print(s.age)

运行结果：

import datetime
class Student:

    def __init__(self,name,birthdate):
        self.name = name
        self.birthdate = birthdate
    @property
    def age(self):
        return datetime.date.today().year - self.birthdate.year
    @age.setter
    def age(self,value):
        raise AttributeError('禁止赋值年龄！')

    @age.deleter
    def age(self):
        raise AttributeError ('年龄不能删除')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    s = Student('Tom',datetime.date(1992,3,1))
    print(s.birthdate)
    print(s.age)
    s.birthdate = datetime.date(1982,8,2)
    del(s.age)
    print(s.age)

运行结果：

2、继承

有利于代码的重用
 基类和派生类的定义：

main01.py文件

class Employee:
     def __init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary):
         self.department = department
         self.name = name
         self.birthdate = birthdate
         self.salary = salary

     def __repr__(self):
         return '<员工：{}>'.format(self.name)

     def working(self):
         print('员工：{}，在工作...'.format(self.name))


class Programer(Employee):
    def __init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary,specialty,project):
        super().__init__(department,name,birthdate,salary)
        self.specialty = specialty
        self.project = project

    def working(self):
        print('程序员：{}在开发项目：{}...'.format(self.name,self.project))

控制台上：

>>>import main01
>>>import datetime
>>>import importlib
>>>p = main01.Programer('技术部','Peter',datetime.date(1990,3,1),8000,'Python','CRM')
p
<员工：Peter>
>>>p.salary
8000
>>>p.specialty
'Python'

注：当某一个值是通过计算得到的，这时考虑使用属性@property

import datetime

class Employee:
    def __init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary):
        self.department = department
        self.name = name
        self.birthdate = birthdate
        self.salary = salary

    @property
    def age(self):
        return datetime.date.today().year - self.birthdate.year

    def give_raise(self,percent,bonus=.0):
        self.salary = self.salary * (1 + percent +bonus)

    def  __repr__(self):
        return '<员工：{}>'.format(self.name)

    def working(self):
        print('员工：{}，在工作...'.format(self.name))


class Programer(Employee):
    def __init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary,specialty,project):
        super().__init__(department,name,birthdate,salary)
        self.specialty = specialty
        self.project = project

    def working(self):
        print('程序员：{}在开发项目：{}...'.format(self.name,self.project))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    p = Programer('技术部','Peter',datetime.date(1990,3,3,),8000,'Flask','CRM')
    print(p)
    print(p.department)
    print(p.salary)
    p.give_raise(.2,.1)
    print(p.salary)
    p.working()
    print(p.age)

运行结果：

举例：

import datetime

class Employee:
    def __init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary):
        self.department = department
        self.name = name
        self.birthdate = birthdate
        self.salary = salary

    @property
    def age(self):
        return datetime.date.today().year - self.birthdate.year

    def give_raise(self,percent,bonus=.0):
        self.salary = self.salary * (1 + percent +bonus)

    def  __repr__(self):
        return '<员工：{}>'.format(self.name)

    def working(self):
        print('员工：{}，在工作...'.format(self.name))


class Programer(Employee):
    def __init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary,specialty,project):
        super().__init__(department,name,birthdate,salary)
        self.specialty = specialty
        self.project = project

    def working(self):
        print('程序员：{}在开发项目：{}...'.format(self.name,self.project))

class HR(Employee):
    def  __init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary,qualification_level = 1):
        Employee.__init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary)
        self.qualification_level = qualification_level

    def working(self):
        print('人事：{}正在面试新员工...'.format(self.name))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    p = Programer('技术部','Peter',datetime.date(1990,3,3,),8000,'Flask','CRM')
    print(p)
    print(p.department)
    print(p.salary)
    p.give_raise(.2,.1)
    print(p.salary)
    p.working()
    print(p.age)

    hr = HR('人事部','Marry',datetime.date(1992,4,4),6000,qualification_level=3)
    hr.give_raise(.1)
    print(hr.salary)
    hr.working()

运行结果：

3、多态:属于同一类型的不同实例，对同一个消息做出不同的响应能力。

包含的关系

import datetime

class  Department:
    def __init__(self,department,phone,manager):
        self.department = department
        self.phone = phone
        self.manager = manager

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<部门：{}>'.format(self.department)

class Employee:
    def __init__(self,department:Department,name,birthdate,salary):
        self.department = department
        self.name = name
        self.birthdate = birthdate
        self.salary = salary

    @property
    def age(self):
        return datetime.date.today().year - self.birthdate.year

    def give_raise(self,percent,bonus=.0):
        self.salary = self.salary * (1 + percent +bonus)

    def  __repr__(self):
        return '<员工：{}>'.format(self.name)

    def working(self):
        print('员工：{}，在工作...'.format(self.name))


class Programer(Employee):
    def __init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary,specialty,project):
        super().__init__(department,name,birthdate,salary)
        self.specialty = specialty
        self.project = project

    def working(self):
        print('程序员：{}在开发项目：{}...'.format(self.name,self.project))

class HR(Employee):
    def  __init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary,qualification_level = 1):
        Employee.__init__(self,department,name,birthdate,salary)
        self.qualification_level = qualification_level

    def working(self):
        print('人事：{}正在面试新员工...'.format(self.name))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    dep = Department('技术部','010-87718391','张大三')
    p = Programer(dep,'Peter',datetime.date(1990,3,3),8000,'Python,Flask','XMall')
    p.give_raise(.2,.1)
    print(p.salary)
    print(p.department.phone)
    print(p.department.manager)

运行结果：