MySQL多表查询

多表查询

1. 多表查询

• 连接条件

SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees,departments #两个表
#两个表的连接条件
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;

• 如果查询语句中出现了多个表中都存在的字段，则必须指明此字段所在的表。

SELECT employees.employee_id,departments.department_name,employees.department_id
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.`department_id` = departments.department_id;
#建议：从sql优化的角度，建议多表查询时，每个字段前都指明其所在的表。

• 可以给表起别名，在SELECT和WHERE中使用表的别名。

SELECT emp.employee_id,dept.department_name,emp.department_id
FROM employees emp,departments dept
WHERE emp.`department_id` = dept.department_id;
#如果给表起了别名，一旦在SELECT或WHERE中使用表名的话，则必须使用表的别名，而不能再使用表的原名。
#如下的操作是错误的：
SELECT emp.employee_id,departments.department_name,emp.department_id
FROM employees emp,departments dept
WHERE emp.`department_id` = departments.department_id;

如果有n个表实现多表的查询，则需要至少n-1个连接条件

2. 连接的分类

2.1 内连接

• 等值连接
  在连接条件中使用等于号(=)运算符比较被连接列的列值，其查询结果中列出被连接表中的所有列，包括其中的重复列。

SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;

• 不等值连接：在连接条件使用除等于运算符以外的其它比较运算符比较被连接的列的列值。这些运算符包括>、>=、<=、<、!>、!<和<>。

SELECT e.last_name,e.salary,j.grade_level
FROM employees e,job_grades j
#where e.`salary` between j.`lowest_sal` and j.`highest_sal`;
WHERE e.`salary` >= j.`lowest_sal` AND e.`salary` <= j.`highest_sal`;

• 自连接：在连接条件中使用等于(=)运算符比较被连接列的列值，但它使用选择列表指出查询结果集合中所包括的列，并删除连接表中的重复列。

#练习：查询员工id,员工姓名及其管理者的id和姓名
SELECT emp.employee_id,emp.last_name,mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name
FROM employees emp ,employees mgr
WHERE emp.`manager_id` = mgr.`employee_id`;

2.2外连接

• 左外连接:是以左表为基准，将e.department_id = d.department_id的数据进行连接，然后将左表没有的对应项显示，右表的列为NULL

# 左外连接：
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

• 右外连接:是以右表为基准，将e.department_id = d.department_id的数据进行连接，然以将右表没有的对应项显示，左表的列为NULL

#右外连接：
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

• 全外连接:完整外部联接返回左表和右表中的所有行。当某行在另一个表中没有匹配行时，则另一个表的选择列表列包含空值。如果表之间有匹配行，则整个结果集行包含基表的数据值。

#mysql不支持FULL OUTER JOIN
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e FULL OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

• UNION 和 UNION ALL的使用

# UNION：会执行去重操作
# UNION ALL:不会执行去重操作
#结论：如果明确知道合并数据后的结果数据不存在重复数据，或者不需要去除重复的数据，
#则尽量使用UNION ALL语句，以提高数据查询的效率。

3. 7种JOIN的实现：

# 中图：内连接
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

# 左上图：左外连接
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

# 右上图：右外连接
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

# 左中图：
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL;

# 右中图：
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;


# 左下图：满外连接
# 方式1：左上图 UNION ALL 右中图

SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
UNION ALL
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;


# 方式2：左中图 UNION ALL 右上图

SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;

# 右下图：左中图  UNION ALL 右中图
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT employee_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
WHERE e.`department_id` IS NULL;

4. SQL99新特性

#SQL99语法的新特性1:自然连接

SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`
AND e.`manager_id` = d.`manager_id`;

# NATURAL JOIN : 它会帮你自动查询两张连接表中`所有相同的字段`，然后进行`等值连接`。
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e NATURAL JOIN departments d;


#SQL99语法的新特性2:USING
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
USING (department_id);


#拓展：
SELECT last_name,job_title,department_name 
FROM employees INNER JOIN departments INNER JOIN jobs 
ON employees.department_id = departments.department_id 
AND employees.job_id = jobs.job_id;