Berkeley CS 61A Lecture 6 （Mario！！！）

http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61a/sp18/

CS 61A LECTURE 6

Iteration Example: Fibonacci Numbers

Lecture 4讲过Fibonacci Numbers

def fib(n):
	"""Compute the nth Fibonacci number.

	>>> fib(0)
	0
	>>> fib(8)
	21
	"""

	k, kth, difference = 0, 0, 1
	while k < n:
		kth, difference = kth + difference, kth
		k = k + 1
	return kth

Return

A return statement completes the evaluation of a cell expression and provides its value

f(x) for user-defined function f: switch to a new environment ; execute f’s body

return statement within f: switch back to the previous environment ; f(x) now has a value

Only one return statement is ever executed while executing the body of a function

def end(n, d):
	"""Print the final digits of N in reverse order until D if found.

	>>> end(34567, 5)
	7
	6
	5
	"""
	while n > 0:
		last, n = n % 10, n // 10
		print(last)
		if d == last:
			return None

ex 1

def search(f):
	x = 0
	while True:
		if f(x):
			return x
		x += 1

def is_three(x):
	return x == 3

>>> search(is_three)
3
>>> is_three(2)
False
>>> is_three(3)
True

ex 2

def search(f):
	x = 0
	while True:
		if f(x):
			return x
		x += 1

def is_three(x):
	return x == 3

def square(x):
	return x * x

def positive(x):
	return max(0, square(x) - 100)

>>> positive(2)
0
>>> positive(3)
0
>>> positive(10)
0
>>> positive(11)
21
>>> search(positive)
11

ex 3

def search(f):
	x = 0
	while True:
		if f(x):
			return x
		x += 1

def is_three(x):
	return x == 3

def square(x):
	return x * x

def positive(x):
	return max(0, square(x) - 100)

def inverse(f):
	"""Return g(y) such that g(f(x)) -> x."""
	return lambda y: search(lambda x : f(x) == y)

>>> sqrt
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'sqrt' is not defined
>>> sqrt = inverse(square)
>>> square(16)
256
>>> sqrt(256)
16

shorter

def search(f):
	x = 0
	while not f(x):
		x += 1
	return x

Self-Reference

def print_all(x):
	print(x)
	return print_all

print_all(1)(3)(5)

def print_sums(x):
	print(x)
	def next_sum(y):
		return print_sums(x+y)
	return next_sum

print_sums(1)(3)(5)

Function Example: Sounds

# Example: Sound

from wave import open
#struct--encoding integers in the format that WAV files require
from struct import Struct
from math import floor

frame_rate = 11025

def encode(x):
    """Encode float x between -1 and 1 as two bytes.
    (See https://docs.python.org/3/library/struct.html)
    """
    i = int(16384 * x)
    return Struct('h').pack(i)

def play(sampler, name='song.wav', seconds=2):
    """Write the output of a sampler function as a wav file.
    (See https://docs.python.org/3/library/wave.html)
    """
    out = open(name, 'wb')
    out.setnchannels(1)
    out.setsampwidth(2)
    out.setframerate(frame_rate)
    t = 0
    while t < seconds * frame_rate:
        sample = sampler(t)
        out.writeframes(encode(sample))
        t = t + 1
    out.close()

def tri(frequency, amplitude=0.3):
    """A continuous triangle wave."""
    period = frame_rate // frequency
    def sampler(t):
        saw_wave = t / period - floor(t / period + 0.5)
        tri_wave = 2 * abs(2 * saw_wave) - 1
        return amplitude * tri_wave
    return sampler

c_freq, e_freq, g_freq = 261.63, 329.63, 392.00

play(tri(e_freq))

def note(f, start, end, fade=.01):
    """Play f for a fixed duration."""
    def sampler(t):
        seconds = t / frame_rate
        if seconds < start:
            return 0
        elif seconds > end:
            return 0
        elif seconds < start + fade:
            return (seconds - start) / fade * f(t)
        elif seconds > end - fade:
            return (end - seconds) / fade * f(t)
        else:
            return f(t)
    return sampler

play(note(tri(e_freq), 1, 1.5))

def both(f, g):
    return lambda t: f(t) + g(t)

c = tri(c_freq)
e = tri(e_freq)
g = tri(g_freq)
low_g = tri(g_freq / 2)

play(both(note(e, 0, 1/8), note(low_g, 1/8, 3/8)))

play(both(note(c, 0, 1), both(note(e, 0, 1), note(g, 0, 1))))

def mario(c, e, g, low_g):
    z = 0
    song = note(e, z, z + 1/8)
    z += 1/8
    song = both(song, note(e, z, z + 1/8))
    z += 1/4
    song = both(song, note(e, z, z + 1/8))
    z += 1/4
    song = both(song, note(c, z, z + 1/8))
    z += 1/8
    song = both(song, note(e, z, z + 1/8))
    z += 1/4
    song = both(song, note(g, z, z + 1/4))
    z += 1/2
    song = both(song, note(low_g, z, z + 1/4))
    return song

def mario_at(octave):
    c = tri(octave * c_freq)
    e = tri(octave * e_freq)
    g = tri(octave * g_freq)
    low_g = tri(octave * g_freq / 2)
    return mario(c, e, g, low_g)

play(both(mario_at(1), mario_at(1/2)))

不懂 哭

>>> c = tri(c_freq)
>>> t = 0
>>> while t < 100:
...     print(c(t))
...     t += 1
...

#生成一个wav文件
>>> play(c)

虽然我看不懂代码！但是这个老师居然！用代码编出了the beginning of the Mario theme！！！！！

！！！