group by 和 having

group by ：按照某个字段或者某些字段进行分组

having: 对分组之后的数据进行再次过滤

案例：找出每个岗位的最高薪资。

mysql> select *from emp order by job;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME  | JOB       | MGR  | HIREDATE   | SAL     | COMM    | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
|  7788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
|  7698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
|  7782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
|  7499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
|  7521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
|  7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
|  7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
一共五个工种；
mysql> select  max(sal),job from emp group by job;
+----------+-----------+
| max(sal) | job       |
+----------+-----------+
|  1300.00 | CLERK     |
|  1600.00 | SALESMAN  |
|  2975.00 | MANAGER   |
|  3000.00 | ANALYST   |
|  5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
+----------+-----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

/*注意：分组函数一般都会和group by 联合使用，并且任何一个分组函数（count sum avg max min)都是在group by语句执行之后才会执行
当一条sql语句没有group by 的话整张表的数据会自成一组。
group by 是在where执行之后才会执行
select  5
...
from   1
...
where   2
...
group by 3
...
having  4
...
oeder by   6
...*/

/*找出平均工资*/
mysql> select  avg(sal) from emp;
+-------------+
| avg(sal)    |
+-------------+
| 2073.214286 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
/*找出高于平均工资*/
mysql> select ename,sal from emp where sal>2073.214286;
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal     |
+-------+---------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+
/*合并写找出高于平均工资的人*/
mysql> select ename,sal from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp);
+-------+---------+
| ename | sal     |
+-------+---------+
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING  | 5000.00 |
| FORD  | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

每个岗位的平均薪资

select avg(sal) from emp group by job;

mysql> select avg(sal) from emp group by job;
+-------------+
| avg(sal)    |
+-------------+
| 1037.500000 |
| 1400.000000 |
| 2758.333333 |
| 3000.000000 |
| 5000.000000 |
+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

多个字段能不能联合起来一块分组？

案例：找出每个部门不同工作岗位的最高薪资

mysql> select max(sal),job,deptno from emp group by deptno,job;
+----------+-----------+--------+
| max(sal) | job       | deptno |
+----------+-----------+--------+
|  1100.00 | CLERK     |     20 |
|  1600.00 | SALESMAN  |     30 |
|  2975.00 | MANAGER   |     20 |
|  2850.00 | MANAGER   |     30 |
|  2450.00 | MANAGER   |     10 |
|  3000.00 | ANALYST   |     20 |
|  5000.00 | PRESIDENT |     10 |
|   950.00 | CLERK     |     30 |
|  1300.00 | CLERK     |     10 |
+----------+-----------+--------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select max(sal),job,deptno from emp group by deptno,job order by deptno;
+----------+-----------+--------+
| max(sal) | job       | deptno |
+----------+-----------+--------+
|  1300.00 | CLERK     |     10 |
|  2450.00 | MANAGER   |     10 |
|  5000.00 | PRESIDENT |     10 |
|  3000.00 | ANALYST   |     20 |
|  1100.00 | CLERK     |     20 |
|  2975.00 | MANAGER   |     20 |
|   950.00 | CLERK     |     30 |
|  2850.00 | MANAGER   |     30 |
|  1600.00 | SALESMAN  |     30 |
+----------+-----------+--------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

找出每个部门的最高薪资，要求显示薪资大于2900的数据。

mysql> select max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+----------+
| max(sal) |
+----------+
|  3000.00 |
|  2850.00 |
|  5000.00 |
+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)



mysql> select max(sal) from emp group by deptno having max(sal)>2900;
+----------+
| max(sal) |
+----------+
|  3000.00 |
|  5000.00 |
+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
/*效率低下，提前排除sal>2900*/
mysql> select max(sal) from emp where sal>2900 group by deptno;
+----------+
| max(sal) |
+----------+
|  3000.00 |
|  5000.00 |
+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

找出每个部门的平均薪资，要求显示薪资大于2000的数据。

mysql> select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+-------------+
| avg(sal)    |
+-------------+
| 2175.000000 |
| 1566.666667 |
| 2916.666667 |
+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select avg(sal) from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)>2000;
+-------------+
| avg(sal)    |
+-------------+
| 2175.000000 |
| 2916.666667 |
+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

总结如何写一个完整的sql语句

select  5 

...

from  1

.....

where  2

...

group by 3

....

having  4

.....

order by  6

.....