1.序列
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索引（正/负）
序列中所有元素的编号从0开始递增；使用负数索引时，从右开始往左数，-1是最后一个元素的位置；
>>>greeting = 'Hello' >>>greeting[0] 'H' >>>greeting[-1] 'o' >>>'Hello'[1] 'e' >>>fourth = input('Year: ')[3] Year: 2005 >>>fourth '5' -
切片
基础：如果第一个参数>=第2个参数的后边，则为空序列[ ]（numbers[1:1]即numbers的[1, 1)号元素不存在）
>>>tag = '<a href="http://www.python.org">Python web site</a>' >>>tag[9:30] 'http://www.python.org' >>>tag[32:-4] 'Python web site' >>>numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] #即numbers中[3,6)的元素 >>>numbers[3:6] [4, 5, 6] >>>numbers[0:1] [1] >>>numbers[-3:0] [] >>>numbers[-3:] [8, 9, 10] >>>numbers[:3] [1, 2, 3] >>>numbers[:] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] >>>numbers [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]带步长（第三个参数是步长）（正/负）
>>>numbers[0:10:1] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] >>>numbers[0:10:2] [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] >>>numbers[3:6:3] [4] >>>numbers[::4] [1, 5, 9] >>>numbers[8:3:-1] [9, 8, 7, 6, 5] >>>numbers[10:0:-2] [10, 8, 6, 4, 2] >>>numbers[0:10:-2] [] >>>numbers[::-2] [10, 8, 6, 4, 2] >>>numbers[5::-2] [6, 4, 2] >>>numbers[:5:-2] [10, 8] -
序列相加
>>>a = [1, 2, 3] >>>b = [4, 5, 6] >>>a + b [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>>a.extend(b) >>>a [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] >>>'Hello, ' + 'world!' 'Hello, world!' >>>[1, 2, 3] + 'world!' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<input>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "str") to list注意序列跨行相加时注意使用符号“\”，例如
a = [1, 2] \ + [3, 4] -
序列乘法
>>>'python' * 5 'pythonpythonpythonpythonpython' >>>[42]*10 [42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42] >>>[None]*10 [None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None] -
成员资格
>>>permissions = 'rw' >>>'w' in permissions True >>>'x' in permissions False >>>users = ['mlh', 'foo', 'bar'] >>>input('Enter your user name: ') in users Enter your user name: >? mlh True >>>subject = '$$$ Get rich now!!! $$$' >>>'$$$' in subject True -
长度、最大值和最小值
>>>numbers = [100, 34, 678] >>>len(numbers) 3 >>>max(numbers) 678 >>>min(numbers) 34 >>>max(2, 3) 3 >>>min(9, 3, 2, 5) 2
2.列表
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删除
del参数为索引，remove参数为值
>>>names = ['Alice', 'Beth', 'Cecil', 'Dee-Dee', 'Earl'] >>>del names[2] >>>names ['Alice', 'Beth', 'Dee-Dee', 'Earl'] >>>del names[1:3] >>>names ['Alice', 'Earl'] >>>x = ['to', 'be', 'or', 'not', 'to', 'be'] >>>x.remove('be') >>>x ['to', 'or', 'not', 'to', 'be'] >>>x.remove('bee') Traceback (most recent call last): File "<input>", line 1, in <module> ValueError: list.remove(x): x not in list -
修改
>>>x = [1, 1, 1] >>>x[1] = 2 >>>x [1, 2, 1] # 给切片赋值 >>>name = list('Perl') >>>name ['P', 'e', 'r', 'l'] #'ar'长度<=names[2:]的长度，name的长度不变 >>>name[2:] = list('ar') >>>name ['P', 'e', 'a', 'r'] >>>name = list('Perl') #'ython'长度>names[1:]的长度，name的长度变大 >>>name[1:] = list('ython') >>>name ['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n'] >>>numbers = [1, 5] #numbers[1:1]为空列表，该命令为在下标为1的位置插入列表[2, 3, 4] >>>numbers[1:1] = [2, 3, 4] >>>numbers [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] #该命令为删除元素numbers[1:4]，即numbers列表中[1,4)位置的元素 >>>numbers[1:4]=[] >>>numbers [1, 5] -
排序sort
sort函数对列表就地排序，不返回参数；
sorted函数不对列表进行修改，返回排序后的列表；>>>x = [4, 6, 2, 1, 7, 9] >>>x.sort() >>>x [1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9] >>>x = [4, 6, 2, 1, 7, 9] >>>y = sorted(x) >>>x [4, 6, 2, 1, 7, 9] >>>y [1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9] >>>sorted('Python') ['P', 'h', 'n', 'o', 't', 'y']sort函数有两个参数：
1）key参数，类似于C++中的自定义排序函数cmp；
2）reverse参数，值为True/False，表示是否按照相反的顺序对列表进行排序>>>x = ['aardvark', 'abalone', 'acme', 'add', 'aerate'] >>>x.sort(key=len) >>>x ['add', 'acme', 'aerate', 'abalone', 'aardvark'] >>>x = [4, 6, 2, 1, 7, 9] >>>x.sort(reverse=True) >>>x [9, 7, 6, 4, 2, 1] -
其他方法
append、extend、clear、copy、count、index、insert、pop
# append >>>lst = [1, 2, 3] >>>lst.append(4) >>>lst [1, 2, 3, 4] # extend #效率高于a = a + b #等效于a[len(a):] = b（可读性低） >>>a = [1, 2, 3] >>>b = [4, 5, 6] >>>a.extend(b) >>>a [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] # clear >>>lst = [1, 2, 3] >>>lst.clear() >>>lst [] # copy >>>a = [1, 2, 3] >>>b = a >>>b[1] = 4 >>>a [1, 4, 3] >>>a = [1, 2, 3] >>>b = a.copy() >>>b[1] = 4 >>>a [1, 2, 3] # count >>>['to', 'be', 'or', 'not', 'to', 'be'].count('to') 2 >>>x = [[1, 2], 1, 1, [2, 1, [1, 2]]] >>>x.count(1) 2 >>>x.count([1, 2]) 1 # index(注意没找到将报错) >>knights = ['We', 'are', 'the', 'knights', 'who', 'say', 'ni'] >>>knights.index('who') 4 >>>knights.index('herring') Traceback (most recent call last): File "<input>", line 1, in <module> ValueError: 'herring' is not in list # insert >>>numbers = [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7] #等效于numbers[3:3] = ['four']（可读性低） >>>numbers.insert(3, 'four') >>>numbers [1, 2, 3, 'four', 5, 6, 7] # pop #基本操作 >>>x = [1, 2, 3] >>>x.pop() 3 >>>x [1, 2] >>>x.pop(0) 1 >>>x [2] # reverse >>>x = [1, 2, 3] >>>x.reverse() >>>x [3, 2, 1] #reversed函数返回一个迭代器，按相反的顺序迭代序列；list将返回的对象转换为列表； >>>x = [1, 2, 3] >>>list(reversed(x)) [3, 2, 1] -
栈和队列的实现
栈的实现：
1）出栈pop()，入栈append()，即列表尾为栈顶
2）出栈pop(0)，入栈insert(0, key)，即列表首为栈顶队列的实现：
1）出队pop(0)，入队append()，即列表头为队头，列表尾为队尾
2）出队pop()，入队insert(0, key)，即列表头为队尾，列表尾为队头
3）使用模块collections中的deque，在后续学习中详细说明
3.元组
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>>>1, 2, 3 (1, 2, 3) >>>(1, 2, 3) (1, 2, 3) >>>()#空元组 () >>>x = 1, 2, 3 >>>x[1] 2 >>>x[0:2] (1, 2) #创建只包含一个值的元组，一定注意使用逗号 >>>42, (42,) >>>(42,) (42,) #而>>>42只表示实数42 >>>3 * (40 + 2) 126 >>>3 * (40 + 2,) (42, 42, 42)
4.字符串
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表示和连接
#单/双引号都表示字符串，正确的输入示例 >>>"Hello, World!" 'Hello, World!' >>>'Hello, World!' 'Hello, World!' #单双引号都有效是为了能在不使用引号转义的情况下，在字符串中使用单双引号，例如： >>>"Let's go!" "Let's go!" #如果仅使用单引号，即>>>'Let's go!'，解释器将认为Let为字符串，从s开始即报错，输出 #SyntaxError: invalid syntax，或者使用引号转义 >>>'Let\'s go!' "Let's go!" #再例如 >>>'"Hello, world!" she said' '"Hello, world!" she said' #可以写作 >>>"\"Hello, world!\" she said" '"Hello, world!" she said' # 字符串拼接 >>>"Let's say " '"Hello, world!"' 'Let\s say "Hello, world!"' >>>"Hello, "+"world!" 'Hello, world!' >>>x = "Hello, " >>>y = "world!" >>>x + y 'Hello, world!' # 长字符串（可以跨行，用'''''') >>>print('''This is a very long string. It continues here. And it's not over yet. "Hello, world" Still here.''') # 原始字符串（用r） >>>print('C:\nowhere') C: owhere >>>print(r'C:\nowhere') C:\nowhere >>>print(r'This is illegal\') SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal -
切片非法
>>>website = 'http://www.python.org' >>>website[-3:] = 'com' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<input>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment -
格式化字符串
3种方法：
1) format % values 2) Template 3) "".format()>>>format = "Hello, %s. %s enough for ya?" >>>values = ('world', 'Hot') >>>format % values 'Hello, world. Hot enough for ya?' >>>from string import Template >>>tmp1 = Template("Hello, $who! $what enough for ya?") >>>tmp1.substitute(who="Mars", what="Dusty") 'Hello, Mars! Dusty enough for ya?' >>>"{}, {} and {}".format("first", "second", "third") 'first, second and third' >>>"{0}, {1} and {2}".format("first", "second", "third") 'first, second and third' >>>"{3} {0} {2} {1} {3} {0}".format("be", "not", "or", "to") 'to be or not to be' >>>from math import pi >>>"{name} is approximately {value:.2f}.".format(value=pi, name="π") 'π is approximately 3.14.' >>>"{name} is approximately {value}.".format(value=pi, name="π") 'π is approximately 3.141592653589793.' >>>from math import e >>>f"Euler's constant is roughly {e}." "Euler's constant is roughly 2.718281828459045." # 等价于： >>>"Euler's constant is roughly {e}.".format(e=e) "Euler's constant is roughly 2.718281828459045."
5.字典
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增
>>>phonebook = {'Beth':'9102', 'Alice':'2341', 'Cecil':'3258'} # 从列表和元组创建 >>>items = [('name', 'Gumby'), ('age', '42')] >>>d = dict(items) >>>d {'name': 'Gumby', 'age': '42'} >>>d['name'] 'Gumby' # 使用关键字实参 >>>d = dict(name='Gumby', age = 42) >>>d {'name': 'Gumby', 'age': 42} # 空字典 >>>d= dict() >>>d {} # fromkeys >>>{}.fromkeys(['name', 'age']) {'name': None, 'age': None} >>>dict.fromkeys(['name', 'age']) {'name': None, 'age': None} # 指定默认值 >>>dict.fromkeys(['name', 'age'], 'unknown') {'name': 'unknown', 'age': 'unknown'} -
删
>>>x.clear() >>>del x['aaa'] # pop 获取与指定键相关联的值，并将该键-值对从字典中删除 >>>d = {'x':1, 'y':2} >>>d.pop('x') 1 >>>d {'y': 2} # popitem 随机地弹出一个字典项 >>>d = {'url':'http://www.python.org', 'spam':0, 'title':'Python Web Site'} >>>d.popitem() ('title', 'Python Web Site') >>>d {'url': 'http://www.python.org', 'spam': 0} -
改
>>>d = { 'title':'Python Web Site', 'url':'http://www.python.org', 'changed':'Mar 14 22:09:15 MET 2016' } >>>x = {'title':'Python Language Website'} >>>d.update(x) >>>d {'title': 'Python Language Website', 'url': 'http://www.python.org', 'changed': 'Mar 14 22:09:15 MET 2016'} -
查
k in d检查字典d是否包含键为k的项；
get方法（查找失败时不报错）
>>>d = {} >>>print(d['name']) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<input>", line 1, in <module> KeyError: 'name' >>>print(d.get('name')) None >>>d.get('name', 'N/A') 'N/A' >>>d['name'] = 'Eric' >>>d.get('name') 'Eric'item
>>>d = {'title':'Python Web Site', 'url':'http://www.python.org', 'spam':0} >>>d.items() >>>dict_items([('title', 'Python Web Site'), ('url', 'http://www.python.org'), ('spam', 0)]) >>>it = d.items() >>>len(it) 3 >>>('spam', 0) in it True >>>d['spam'] = 1 >>>('spam', 0) in it False >>>d['spam'] = 0 >>>('spam', 0) in it True >>>list(d.items()) [('title', 'Python Web Site'), ('url', 'http://www.python.org'), ('spam', 0)]keys
>>>d.keys() dict_keys(['title', 'url', 'spam'])values
>>>d = {} >>>d[1] = 1 >>>d[2] = 2 >>>d[3] = 3 >>>d[4] = 1 >>>d.values() dict_values([1, 2, 3, 1])获取指定键（参数1）的值，获取失败时在字典中添加键值对（参数1：参数2）,参数2默认为None
>>>d = {} >>>d.setdefault('name', 'N/A') 'N/A' >>>d {'name': 'N/A'} >>>d['name'] = 'Gumby' >>>d.setdefault('name', 'N/A') 'Gumby' >>>d {'name': 'Gumby'} >>>d = {} >>>print(d.setdefault('name')) None >>>d {'name': None} -
format_map
>>>phonebook = {'Beth':'9102', 'Alice':'2341', 'Cecil':'3258'} >>>phonebook {'Beth': '9102', 'Alice': '2341', 'Cecil': '3258'} "Cecil's phone number is {Cecil}.".format_map(phonebook) "Cecil's phone number is 3258." -
深复制deepcopy和浅复制copy
>>>x = {'username':'admin', 'machines':['foo', 'bar', 'baz']} >>>y = x.copy() >>>y['username'] = 'mlh' >>>y['machines'].remove('bar') >>>y {'username': 'mlh', 'machines': ['foo', 'baz']} >>>x {'username': 'admin', 'machines': ['foo', 'baz']}>>>from copy import deepcopy >>>d = {} >>>d['name'] = ['Alfred', 'Bertrand'] >>>c = d.copy() >>>dc = deepcopy(d) >>>d['name'].append('Clive') >>>c {'name': ['Alfred', 'Bertrand', 'Clive']} >>>dc {'name': ['Alfred', 'Bertrand']}
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