异常
Python使用异常对象来表示异常状态,并在遇到错误时引发异常。异常对象未被处理(或捕获)时,程序将终止并显示一条错误信息(traceback)。
>>> 1 / 0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
异常包含内置异常和自定义异常2种(没有本质区别,内置异常即Python已经定义且经常使用的异常,自定义异常则多与实际开发的业务有关)
内置异常
仅常见的内置异常,其实还有很多
BaseException
+-- Exception
| +-- AttributeError 引用属性或给它赋值失败时引发
| +-- OSError 操作系统不能执行指定的任务时引发
| +-- IndexError 使用序列中不存在索引时引发
| +-- KeyError 使用映射中不存在键时引发
| +-- NameError 找不到名称(变量)时引发
| +-- SyntaxError 代码不正确时引发
| +-- TypeError 将内置操作或函数用于类型不正确的变量时引发
| +-- ValueError 将内置操作或函数用于这样的对象时引发:其类型正确但包含的值不合适
| +-- ZeroDivisionError 在除法或求模运算的第二个参数为零时引发
+-- KeyboardInterrupt
+-- SystemExit
自定义异常
class NewException(Exception):
def __init__(self, errorInfo):
super().__init__()
self.errorInfo = errorInfo
def __str__(self):
return self.errorInfo
抛出异常
1) raise:单独一个 raise。该语句引发当前上下文中捕获的异常(比如在 except 块中),或默认引发 RuntimeError 异常
注意:raise ... from None的用法
# 引发默认的RuntuimeError
raise
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "C:/Users/shang/Desktop/pythonProject/main.py", line 1, in <module>
# raise
# RuntimeError: No active exception to reraise
# 1 / 0 的位置引发了ZeroDivisionError,raise将整个异常栈抛出
try:
1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
raise
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "C:/Users/shang/Desktop/pythonProject/main.py", line 2, in <module>
# 1 / 0
# ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
# 1 / 0 的位置引发了ZeroDivisionError,except ZeroDivisionError异常处理抛出了ValueError,except Exception通过raise将整个异常栈抛出
try:
try:
1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
raise ValueError
except Exception:
raise
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "C:/Users/shang/Desktop/pythonProject/main.py", line 3, in <module>
# 1 / 0
# ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
#
# During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
#
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "C:/Users/shang/Desktop/pythonProject/main.py", line 5, in <module>
# raise ValueError
# ValueError
# 通过raise ... from None来禁用上下文,raise并没有抛出整个异常栈而是从ValueError开始向外的异常栈
try:
try:
1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
raise ValueError from None
except Exception:
raise
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "C:/Users/shang/Desktop/pythonProject/main.py", line 5, in <module>
# raise ValueError from None
# ValueError
2) raise ZeroDivisionError
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "E:\anaconda\envs\py37tfcpu\lib\code.py", line 90, in runcode
# exec(code, self.locals)
# File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
# ZeroDivisionError
3) raise ZeroDivisionError("除数不能为0")
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "E:\anaconda\envs\py37tfcpu\lib\code.py", line 90, in runcode
# exec(code, self.locals)
# File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
# ZeroDivisionError: 除数不能为0
捕获异常
总体结构
# try块必选,except块&finally块二选一,else块可选
# try块中的代码出现异常,终止try块后面的代码执行转入except块
# try块中的代码未出现异常,执行完try块后转入else块
# try块中的代码无论是否出现异常,最后执行finally块
try:
pass
except:
pass
else:
pass
finally:
pass
except块
# 捕获所有异常,不建议使用,因为包含KeyboardInterrupt等
except:
# 捕获一种异常
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("The second number can't bu zero!")
# 捕获多种异常
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("The second number can't bu zero!")
except TypeError:
print("That wasn't a number, was it?")
# 捕获多种异常
except (ZeroDivisionError, TypeError):
print('Your numbers were bogus ...')
# 访问异常对象本身
except (ZeroDivisionError, TypeError) as e:
print(e)
处理异常
1)不处理,程序将异常终止
1 / 0
print('Hello World')
# Traceback (most recent call last):
# File "C:/Users/shang/Desktop/pythonProject/main.py", line 1, in <module>
# 1 / 0
# ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
#
# Process finished with exit code 1
2)忽略,程序继续执行后面的语句
try:
1 / 0
except Exception as e:
pass
print('Hello World')
# Hello World
#
# Process finished with exit code 0
3)处理,执行完except块的处理过程后,程序继续执行后面的语句
try:
1 / 0
except Exception as e:
print(e)
print('Hello World')
# division by zero
# Hello World
#
# Process finished with exit code 0
4)抛出,交由外层的调用者处理
try:
1 / 0
except Exception as e:
raise
print('Hello World')
警告
#使用warnings模块中的warn函数warn发出警告
>>>from warnings import warn
>>>warn("I've got a bad feeling about this.")
#警告只显示一次,如果再次运行最后一行代码,什么事情都不会发生
#使用warnings模块中的filterwarnings函数抑制警告(或特定类型的警告),并指定采取的措施,如"error"(警告)或"ignore"(忽略警告)
>>>from warnings import filterwarnings
>>>filterwarnings("ignore")
>>>warn("Anyone out there?")
>>>filterwarnings("error")
>>>warn("Something is very wrong!")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
UserWarning: Something is very wrong!
#发出警告时,可以指定要引发的警告类别(必须是Warning的子类,默认UserWarning)。
>>>filterwarnings("error")
>>>warn("This function is really old...", DeprecationWarning)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
DeprecationWarning: This function is really old...
#根据异常来过滤特定类型的警告
>>>filterwarnings("ignore", category=DeprecationWarning)
>>>warn("Another deprecation warning.", DeprecationWarning)
>>>warn("Something else.")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
UserWarning: Something else.