C++ primer plus 第八章 读书笔记

引用变量：

int rats = 101;//声明rats为101
int * pt = &rats;//指针pt指向rats的内存地址
int & rodents =  *pt;//
int bunnies = 50;
pt = &bunnies;

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swapr(int & a, int & b);
void swapp(int * p, int * q);
void swapv(int  a, int  b);

int main()
{
	int wallet1 = 300;
	int wallet2 = 350;
	cout << "wallet1 = " << wallet1<<endl;
	cout << "wallet2 = " << wallet2<<endl;

	cout << "using references to swap contents:\n";
	swapr(wallet1, wallet2);
	cout << "wallet1 = " << wallet1 << endl;
	cout << "wallet2 = " << wallet2 << endl;

	cout << "using point to swap contents:\n";
	swapp(&wallet1,&wallet2);
	cout << "wallet1 = " << wallet1 << endl;
	cout << "wallet2 = " << wallet2 << endl;

	cout << "using value to swap contents:\n";
	swapv(wallet1, wallet2);
	cout << "wallet1 = " << wallet1 << endl;
	cout << "wallet2 = " << wallet2 << endl;
	getchar();
	return 0;
}

void swapr(int & a, int & b)
{
	int temp;
	temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
}

void swapp(int * p, int * q)
{
	int temp;
	temp = *p;
	*p = *q;
	*q = temp;
}

void swapv(int  a, int  b)
{
	int temp;
	temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
}

上述代码中，三个子函数都为void函数，前两者通过引用于指针将wallet1和2的值改变了，swapr函数在运行的时候子函数中的wallet针对的地址就是main函数中wallet的地址，所以可能成功对wallet的值进行修改，swapp函数也是一样，但是在swapv函数中则不是一样，wallet作为参数进入swapv函数意味着仅仅将值赋给swapv函数的形参a和b，可以如此理解swapv（wallet1，wallet2）=swapv（a=wallet1=300，b=wallet2=350）。

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double cube(double a);
double refcube(double &ra);

int main()
{
	double x = 3.0;
	cout << cube(x) << " = cube of " << x << endl;
	cout << refcube(x) << " = cube of " << x << endl;
	getchar();
	return 0;
}

double cube(double a)
{
	a = a * a * a;
	return a;
}

double refcube(double &ra)
{
	ra *=  ra * ra;
	return ra;
}

请注意更新C++版本，老版本的编译环境可能导致refcube函数无法对x的值进行修改。

 

int main()
{
	sysop looper =
	{
		"rick \"fortran\"looper",
		"I'm a goto kind of guy.",
		0
	};

	use(looper);
	cout << "looper:" << looper.used << "use(s)\n";
	sysop copycat;
	copycat = use(looper);
	cout << "looper:" << looper.used << "use(s)\n";
	cout << "copycat:" << copycat.used << "use(s)\n";

	getchar();
	return 0;
}

const sysop & use(sysop & sysopref)//返回sysop结构
//(sysop & sysopref)表示sysopref作为sysop的引用，在use函数里面代表sysop
{
	cout << sysopref.name << "says:\n";
	cout << sysopref.quote << endl;
	sysopref.used++;
	return sysopref;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
const int Arsize = 80;
char * left (const char * str, int n = 1);

int main()
{
	char sample[Arsize];
	cout << "enter a string: \n";
	cin.get(sample, Arsize);
	char *ps = left(sample, 4);
	cout << ps << endl;
	delete[] ps;
	ps = left(sample);//默认第二个参数为int n = 1
	cout << ps << endl;
	getchar();
	getchar();
	return 0;
}

char * left(const char * str, int n)
{
	if (n < 0)
	{
		n = 0;
	}
	char * p = new char[n + 1];
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < n && str[i]; i++)//第二部分&&两侧只要有一侧为false，整个表达式就为false
	//与&的区别就是&当左侧为负之后就不再计算右侧
	//在此处表达的意思是当i>=n或者str[i]为空值，该表达式false
	{
		p[i] = str[i];
	}
	while (i <= n) //当i=4时，进入while循环
	{
		p[i++] = '\0';//先执行p[i]=‘\0’，然后再执行i++
	}
	return p;
}