C++11智能指针shared_ptr应用于继承结构

class Animal {
public:
	Animal(const string& name)
		:name_(name)
	{
		cout << "Animal(string& name) " << endl;
	}
	~Animal() {
		cout << "~Animal()" << endl;
	}
	virtual void showInfo() = 0;
	string getName() {
		return name_;
	}

private:
	string name_;
};

class Cat : public Animal {
public:
	Cat(const string& owner, const string& name)
		: owner_(owner)
		, Animal(name)
	{
		cout << "Cat(string& owner, string& name)" << endl;
	}

	~Cat() {
		cout << "~Cat()" << endl;
	}

	virtual void showInfo() {
		cout << "owner : " << owner_ << " Cat name:" << getName() << endl;
	}

private:
	string owner_;
};

我们用支持RTTI的dynamic_cast对裸指针进行向下转换

int main() {
	Animal* animal_p = new Cat("zhang", "bsm");
	Cat* cat_p = dynamic_cast<Cat*>(animal_p);    // 只有当animal_p指向Cat对象时，才能成功。转换失败时，返回nullptr
	delete cat_p;       
	return 0;
}

同样的，我们也可以用支持RTTI的dynamic_pointer_cast对智能指针进行向下转换

	shared_ptr<Animal> pa(new Cat("zhang", "bsm"));
	shared_ptr<Cat> pc(dynamic_pointer_cast<Cat>(pa));  // 转换失败时，返回nullptr

在进行向上转换时，dynamic_cast和static_cast一样，dynamic_pointer_cast和static_pointer_cast一样。但进行向下转换时，dynamic_cast和static_cast不一样，dynamic_pointer_cast和static_pointer_cast也不一样

	Animal* animal_p = new Cat("zhang", "bsm");
	Cat* cat_p = static_cast<Cat*>(animal_p);    // 虽然转换成功，但这并不安全
	Dog* dog_p = dynamic_cast<Dog*>(animal_p);    // 转换失败，只有当animal_p指向Cat对象时，才能成功

	shared_ptr<Animal> pa(new Cat("zhang", "bsm"));
	shared_ptr<Dog> pc(dynamic_pointer_cast<Dog>(pa));  // 转换失败，RTTI识别不匹配
	shared_ptr<Dog> pc(static_pointer_cast<Dog>(pa));   // 虽然转换成功，但这并不安全

静态转换可以在继承结构中任意转换，但这并不安全