一、中间件的概念与用法
中间件就是一个函数,对 store.dispatch
方法进行了改造,在发出 Action
和执行 Reducer
这两步之间,添加了其他功能。
redux-logger模块
import { applyMiddleware, createStore } from 'redux';
import createLogger from 'redux-logger';
const logger = createLogger();
const store = createStore(reducer,applyMiddleware(logger));
上面代码中,
redux-logger
提供一个生成器createLogger
,可以生成日志中间件logger
。然后,将它放在applyMiddleware
方法之中,传入createStore
方法,就完成了store.dispatch()
的功能增强。
这里有两点需要注意:
- createStore方法可以接受整个应用的初始状态作为参数,那样的话,applyMiddleware就是第三个参数了。
const store = createStore(
reducer,
initial_state,
applyMiddleware(logger)
);
- 中间件的次序有讲究。
const store = createStore(
reducer,
applyMiddleware(thunk, promise, logger)
);
上面代码中,
applyMiddleware
方法的三个参数,就是三个中间件。有的中间件有次序要求,使用前要查一下文档。比如,logger
就一定要放在最后,否则输出结果会不正确。
三、applyMiddlewares()
applyMiddlewares
是 Redux
的原生方法,作用是将所有中间件组成一个数组
applyMiddlewares 源码
export default function applyMiddleware(...middlewares) {
return (createStore) => (reducer, preloadedState, enhancer) => {
var store = createStore(reducer, preloadedState, enhancer);
var dispatch = store.dispatch;
var chain = [];
var middlewareAPI = {
getState: store.getState,
dispatch: (action) => dispatch(action)
};
chain = middlewares.map(middleware => middleware(middlewareAPI));
dispatch = compose(...chain)(store.dispatch);
return {...store, dispatch}
}
}
上面代码中,所有中间件被放进了一个数组
chain
,然后嵌套执行,最后执行store.dispatch
。可以看到,中间件内部(middlewareAPI)可以拿到getState
和dispatch
这两个方法。
四、异步操作的基本思路
同步操作只要发出一种 Action 即可,异步操作的差别是它要发出三种 Action。
- 操作发起时的 Action
- 操作成功时的 Action
- 操作失败时的 Action
异步操作的思路
- 操作开始时,送出一个 Action,触发 State 更新为"正在操作"状态,View 重新渲染
- 操作结束后,再送出一个 Action,触发 State 更新为"操作结束"状态,View 再一次重新渲染
五、redux-thunk 中间件
Action
是由 store.dispatch
方法发送的。而 store.dispatch
方法正常情况下,参数只能是对象,不能是函数。这时,就要使用中间件 redux-thunk
。
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux';
import thunk from 'redux-thunk';
import reducer from './reducers';
const store = createStore(
reducer,
applyMiddleware(thunk)
);
上面代码使用
redux-thunk
中间件,改造store.dispatch
,使得后者可以接受函数作为参数。因此,异步操作的解决方案就是,写出一个返回函数的Action Creator
,然后使用redux-thunk
中间件改造store.dispatch
。
注意:在 actionCreators
里可以返回一个函数,函数里有参数 dispatch
,在函数内部去发送异步请求,异步请求回来之后,再分发 action2
, action2
去更改 store
中的数据。
redux-thunk 安装
$ yarn add redux-thunk
或
$ cnpm install --save redux-thunk
redux-thunk 示例
Article.jsx
//[src/pages/Article.jsx]
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import {connect} from 'react-redux';
import {changeMsg,getDataAxAction} from '../store/actionCreators/articleAction';
class Article extends Component {
render() {
return (
<div>
{JSON.stringify(this.props)}
<button onClick={this.props.changeMsg}>更改msg-同步</button>
<button onClick={this.props.getData}>异步获取数据</button>
</div>
);
}
}
const mapStateToProps = (state,ownProps) =>{
return state;
}
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch, ownProps) => {
return {
changeMsg:()=>{
//分发action
dispatch(changeMsg('更改后的数据'));
},
getData:()=>{
//分发action thunk
dispatch(getDataAxAction({page:0,pageSize:10}));
}
}
}
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Article);
articleAction.js
//[src/store/actionCreators/articleAction.js]
import {CHANGE_MSG,CHANGE_ARTICLES} from '../actionTypes';
import axios from 'axios';
//同步操作
export const changeMsg = (value) =>{
return {
type: CHANGE_MSG,
value
};
}
//redux-thunk actionCreator 异步操作
export const getDataAxAction = (value)=>{
return (dispatch)=>{
axios.get('http://134.175.154.93:8099/manager/article/findArticle',{params:value}).then((res)=>{
//res.data.data.list 需要获取的数组
dispatch(changeArticles(res.data.data.list));
}).catch((err)=>{
console.log(err);
});
}
}
//更改store中的articleCreator
const changeArticles = (value)=>{
return {
type:CHANGE_ARTICLES,
value
}
}
articleReducer.js
//[src/store/reducers/articleReducer.js]
import {CHANGE_MSG,CHANGE_ARTICLES} from '../actionTypes';
let initState = {
msg:'article',
articles:[]
};
export default (state=initState,action)=>{
if (action.type === CHANGE_MSG) {
return {
...state,
msg:action.value
}
}
if (action.type === CHANGE_ARTICLES) {
return {
...state,
articles:action.value
}
}
return state;
}
index.js
//[src/store/reducers/index.js]
//合并
import {combineReducers} from 'redux';
import article from './articleReducer';
export default combineReducers({
article
});
actionTypes.js
//[src/store/actionTypes.js]
export const CHANGE_MSG = 'CHANGE_MSG';
export const CHANGE_ARTICLES = 'CHANGE_ARTICLES';
index.js
//[src/store/index.js]
//创建store
//引入中间件 redux-thunk
import {createStore,applyMiddleware,compose} from 'redux';
import thunk from 'redux-thunk';
import reducer from './reducers';
//下面两行代码是为了能让 DevTools 正常使用
const composeEnhancers = window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__ ?window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__({}) : compose;
const enhancer = composeEnhancers(applyMiddleware(thunk));
//将reducer与store绑定,创建store并返回
let store = createStore(reducer,enhancer);
export default store;
App.js
//[src/App.js]
import React from 'react';
import './App.css';
import Article from './pages/Article';
function App() {
return (
<div>
<Article/>
</div>
);
}
export default App;
index.js
//[src/index.js]
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import './index.css';
import App from './App';
import * as serviceWorker from './serviceWorker';
import {Provider} from 'react-redux';
import store from './store';
ReactDOM.render(
<Provider store={store}>
<App />
</Provider>,
document.getElementById('root')
);
serviceWorker.unregister();
六、redux-saga 中间件
redux-saga
是一个 redux
的中间件,而中间件的作用是为 redux
提供额外的功能。
但是在实际的应用开发中,我们希望做一些异步的(如Ajax请求)且不纯粹的操作(如改变外部的状态),这些在函数式编程范式中被称为“副作用”。
redux-saga
就是用来处理上述副作用(异步任务)的一个中间件。它是一个接收事件,并可能触发新事件的过程管理者,为你的应用管理复杂的流程。
import {createStore,applyMiddleware} from 'redux';
import createSagaMiddleware from 'redux-saga';
import reducer from './reducers';
import mySagas from './mySagas';
//创建saga中间件
const sagaMiddleware = createSagaMiddleware();
let store = createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(sagaMiddleware));
//使用mySagas
sagaMiddleware.run(mySagas);
export default store;
redux-saga 工作原理
- sages 采用 Generator 函数来 yield Effects(包含指令的文本对象)
- Generator 函数的作用是可以暂停执行,再次执行的时候从上次暂停的地方继续执行
- Effect 是一个简单的对象,该对象包含了一些给 middleware 解释执行的信息
- 可以通过使用 effects API 如 fork,call,take,put,cancel 等来创建 Effect。
redux-saga 分类
- worker saga 做左右的工作,如调用API,进行异步请求,获取异步封装结果
- watcher saga 监听被dispatch的actions,当接受到action或者知道其被触发时,调用worker执行任务
- root saga 立即启动saga的唯一入口
注意:使用 generator
函数在sagas文件中共处理业务逻辑,有了 redux-saga
之后,除了 reducer
可以接收 action
,sagas
也可以接收并做业务逻辑处理。
redux-saga 安装
$ yarn add redux-saga
或
$ cnpm install --save redux-saga
redux-saga 示例
Article.jsx
//[src/pages/Article.jsx]
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import {connect} from 'react-redux';
import {changeMsg,getDataSaAction,deleteDataSaAction} from '../store/actionCreators/articleAction';
class Article extends Component {
render() {
return (
<div>
{JSON.stringify(this.props)}
<button onClick={this.props.changeMsg}>更改msg-同步</button>
<button onClick={this.props.getData}>异步获取数据</button>
<button onClick={this.props.deleteDataById}>异步删除数据</button>
</div>
);
}
}
const mapStateToProps = (state,ownProps) =>{
return state;
}
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch, ownProps) => {
return {
changeMsg:()=>{
//分发action
dispatch(changeMsg('更改后的数据'));
},
getData:()=>{
//分发action saga
dispatch(getDataSaAction({ page: 0, pageSize: 10 }));
},
deleteDataById:()=>{
//分发action saga
dispatch(deleteDataSaAction({id:4062}));
}
}
}
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Article);
articleAction.js
//[src/store/actionCreators/articleAction.js]
import {CHANGE_MSG,CHANGE_ARTICLES,GET_DATA_SA_ACTION,DELETE_DATA_SA_ACTION} from '../actionTypes';
export const changeMsg = (value) =>{
return {
type: CHANGE_MSG,
value
};
}
export const changeArticles = (value) => {
return {
type:CHANGE_ARTICLES,
value
}
}
//redux-saga的actionCreator
export const getDataSaAction = (value) =>{
return {
type:GET_DATA_SA_ACTION,
value
}
}
//删除数据
export const deleteDataSaAction = (value) =>{
return {
type:DELETE_DATA_SA_ACTION,
value
}
}
articleReducer.js
//[src/store/reducers/articleReducer.js]
import {CHANGE_MSG,CHANGE_ARTICLES} from '../actionTypes';
let initState = {
msg:'article',
articles:[]
};
export default (state=initState,action)=>{
if (action.type === CHANGE_MSG) {
return {
...state,
msg:action.value
}
}
if (action.type === CHANGE_ARTICLES) {
return {
...state,
articles:action.value
}
}
return state;
}
index.js
//[src/store/reducers/index.js]
//合并
import {combineReducers} from 'redux';
import article from './articleReducer';
export default combineReducers({
article
});
actionTypes.js
//[src/store/actionTypes.js]
export const CHANGE_MSG = 'CHANGE_MSG';
export const CHANGE_ARTICLES = 'CHANGE_ARTICLES';
export const GET_DATA_SA_ACTION = 'GET_DATA_SA_ACTION';
export const DELETE_DATA_SA_ACTION = 'DELETE_DATA_SA_ACTION';
index.js
//[src/store/index.js]
//创建store
import {createStore,applyMiddleware,compose} from 'redux';
import createSagaMiddleware from 'redux-saga';
import reducer from './reducers';
import mySagas from './mySagas';
//为了使DevTools正常使用
const composeEnhancers = window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__ ? window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__({}) : compose;
//创建saga中间件
const sagaMiddleware = createSagaMiddleware();
const enhancer = composeEnhancers(applyMiddleware(sagaMiddleware))
let store = createStore(reducer,enhancer);
//使用mySagas
sagaMiddleware.run(mySagas);
export default store;
mySagas.js
//[src/store/mySagas.js]
//处理业务逻辑
//如果发送action这里可以监听,然后异步处理
import {takeEvery,put} from 'redux-saga/effects';
import {GET_DATA_SA_ACTION,DELETE_DATA_SA_ACTION} from './actionTypes';
import {changeArticles,getDataSaAction} from './actionCreators/articleAction'
import axios from 'axios';
function* mySagas(params) {
//takeEvery监听某个action,然后执行第二个参数的generator函数
yield takeEvery(GET_DATA_SA_ACTION, getList);
yield takeEvery(DELETE_DATA_SA_ACTION, deleteData);
}
//参数action就是对应的action对象
function* getList(action){
//发送异步,异步成功之后分发action
let res = yield axios.get('http://134.175.154.93:8099/manager/article/findArticle', {
params: action.value
});
//put就是转发action,类似于dispatch
yield put(changeArticles(res.data.data.list));
}
function* deleteData(action) {
let res = yield axios.get('http://134.175.154.93:8099/manager/article/deleteArticleById', {
params: action.value
});
//put就是转发action,类似于dispatch
yield put(getDataSaAction({ page: 0, pageSize: 10 }));
}
export default mySagas;
App.js
//[src/App.js]
import React from 'react';
import './App.css';
import Article from './pages/Article';
function App() {
return (
<div>
<Article/>
</div>
);
}
export default App;
index.js
//[src/index.js]
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import './index.css';
import App from './App';
import * as serviceWorker from './serviceWorker';
import {Provider} from 'react-redux';
import store from './store';
ReactDOM.render(
<Provider store={store}>
<App />
</Provider>,
document.getElementById('root')
);
serviceWorker.unregister();
七、thunk 和 saga 的对比
redux-thunk
将原本的 action
对象,变成可执行函数后交给 reducer
处理,所以把异步业务逻辑进行封装。相比与 saga
,后者就显得格外的繁琐, api
异常冗杂,其结果实际上是并行生成了 reducer
处理 action
。目前基本的业务场景,使用 react-redux
即可,不建议一开始就使用 saga
,也不建议,最初就自己动手封装中间件。