证明 ( 1 + 1 n ) n < ( 1 + 1 n + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) (1+\frac{1}{n})^{n}<(1+\frac{1}{n+1})^{(n+1)} (1+n1)n<(1+n+11)(n+1)
也就是要证明:
(
n
+
1
n
)
n
<
(
n
+
2
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
1
)
(1)
(\frac{n+1}{n})^{n}<(\frac{n+2}{n+1})^{(n+1)}\tag{1}
(nn+1)n<(n+1n+2)(n+1)(1)
将上面不等式的左右两边进行二项式展开,有如下形式:
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
=
1
+
C
n
1
(
1
n
)
1
+
C
n
2
(
1
n
)
2
+
C
n
3
(
1
n
)
3
+
⋯
+
C
n
n
−
1
(
1
n
)
n
−
1
+
C
n
n
(
1
n
)
n
(2)
(1+\frac{1}{n})^{n}=1+C_n^1(\frac{1}{n})^1+C_n^2(\frac{1}{n})^2+C_n^3(\frac{1}{n})^3+\cdots+C_n^{n-1}(\frac{1}{n})^{n-1}+C_n^n(\frac{1}{n})^n\tag{2}
(1+n1)n=1+Cn1(n1)1+Cn2(n1)2+Cn3(n1)3+⋯+Cnn−1(n1)n−1+Cnn(n1)n(2)
共有n+1项;
(
1
+
1
(
n
+
1
)
)
(
n
+
1
)
=
1
+
C
n
+
1
1
(
1
n
+
1
)
1
+
C
n
+
1
2
(
1
n
+
1
)
2
+
C
n
+
1
3
(
1
n
+
1
)
3
+
⋯
+
C
n
+
1
n
−
1
(
1
n
+
1
)
n
−
1
+
C
n
+
1
n
(
1
n
+
1
)
n
+
C
n
+
1
n
+
1
(
1
n
+
1
)
n
+
1
(3)
(1+\frac{1}{(n+1)})^{(n+1)}=1+C_{n+1}^1(\frac{1}{n+1})^1+C_{n+1}^2(\frac{1}{n+1})^2+C_{n+1}^3(\frac{1}{n+1})^3+\cdots\\ +C_{n+1}^{n-1}(\frac{1}{n+1})^{n-1}+C_{n+1}^{n}(\frac{1}{n+1})^{n}+C_{n+1}^{n+1}(\frac{1}{n+1})^{n+1}\tag{3}
(1+(n+1)1)(n+1)=1+Cn+11(n+11)1+Cn+12(n+11)2+Cn+13(n+11)3+⋯+Cn+1n−1(n+11)n−1+Cn+1n(n+11)n+Cn+1n+1(n+11)n+1(3)
共有n+2项;
比较式(2)和(3)的右侧展开式子,第一项都是1,从第2项到第n+1项皆有对应,而只有式(3)具有第n+2项
C
n
+
1
n
+
1
(
1
n
+
1
)
n
+
1
C_{n+1}^{n+1}(\frac{1}{n+1})^{n+1}
Cn+1n+1(n+11)n+1。这种情况下只需证明:
C
n
m
(
1
n
)
m
≤
C
n
+
1
m
(
1
n
+
1
)
m
,
1
≤
m
≤
n
(4)
C_{n}^{m}(\frac{1}{n})^{m}\leq C_{n+1}^{m}(\frac{1}{n+1})^{m},1\leq m\leq n\tag{4}
Cnm(n1)m≤Cn+1m(n+11)m,1≤m≤n(4)
而我们知道,
C
n
m
=
n
∗
⋯
∗
(
n
+
1
−
m
)
m
!
,
1
≤
m
≤
n
(5)
C_{n}^{m}=\frac{n*\cdots*(n+1-m)}{m!},1\leq m\leq n\tag{5}
Cnm=m!n∗⋯∗(n+1−m),1≤m≤n(5)
(4)代入(5)可得:
左
边
=
1
m
!
∗
n
−
1
n
∗
n
−
2
n
∗
⋯
∗
n
+
1
−
m
n
右
边
=
1
m
!
∗
n
+
1
−
1
n
+
1
∗
n
+
1
−
2
n
+
1
∗
⋯
∗
n
+
1
+
1
−
m
n
+
1
(6)
左边=\frac{1}{m!}*\frac{n-1}{n}*\frac{n-2}{n}*\cdots*\frac{n+1-m}{n} \\ 右边=\frac{1}{m!}*\frac{n+1-1}{n+1}*\frac{n+1-2}{n+1}*\cdots*\frac{n+1+1-m}{n+1}\tag{6}
左边=m!1∗nn−1∗nn−2∗⋯∗nn+1−m右边=m!1∗n+1n+1−1∗n+1n+1−2∗⋯∗n+1n+1+1−m(6)
显然我们有
n
+
1
−
m
n
<
n
+
1
+
1
−
m
n
+
1
,
1
≤
m
≤
n
(7)
\frac{n+1-m}{n}<\frac{n+1+1-m}{n+1},1\leq m\leq n\tag{7}
nn+1−m<n+1n+1+1−m,1≤m≤n(7)
根据(7)可知,(6)式中左边小于右边。因此(4)得证,则可推出(2)式小于(3)式,则(1)式得证。