1、键盘输入常用函数
C++-基础语法之cin.getline() 与 cin.get() 的区别，以及getline()函数使用方法_sunyuxiu的博客-CSDN博客_cin.get()函数和cin.getline
cin、cin.get()、cin.getline()、getline()的区别_啊大1号的博客-CSDN博客_cin getline
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
//cin>>
void test1(char* dst)
{
cout << "cin>> test" << endl;
cout << "please input your string" << endl;
cin >> dst;
cout << "your string is:" << endl;
cout << dst;
}
//cin.get(char)/char=cin.get()
void test2(char* dst)
{
cout << "cin.get(char)/char=cin.get() test" << endl;
cout << "please input your string" << endl;
//*dst=cin.get();
cin.get(*dst);
cout << "your string is:" << endl;
cout << dst;
}
//cin.get(dst,size)
void test3(char* dst)
{
cout << "cin.get(dst,size) test" << endl;
cout << "please input your string" << endl;
cin.get(dst,10);
cout << "your string is:" << endl;
cout << dst;
}
//cin.get(dst,size,'char')
void test4(char* dst)
{
cout << "cin.get(dst,size,'char') test" << endl;
cout << "please input your string" << endl;
cin.get(dst, 10,'z');
cout << "your string is:" << endl;
cout << dst;
cout << endl;
//cin buffer
cout << "cin buffer is:" << endl;
memset(dst, '\0', sizeof(dst));
cin >> dst;
cout << dst << endl;
}
//cin.get()&cin.ignore()
void test5(char* dst)
{
cout << "cin.get(dst,size,'char') test" << endl;
cout << "please input your string" << endl;
cin.get(dst, 10, 'z');
cout << "your string is:" << endl;
cout << dst;
cout << endl;
//clear cin buffer:ignore one char
//cin.ignore();
cin.ignore(1024, '\n');
//cin buffer
cout << "cin buffer is:" << endl;
memset(dst, '\0', sizeof(dst));
cin >> dst;
cout << dst << endl;
}
//cin.getline()
void test6(char* dst)
{
cout << "cin.getline(dst,size,'char') test" << endl;
cout << "please input your string" << endl;
//cin.getline(dst, 10, 'z');
cin.getline(dst, 10);
cout << "your string is:" << endl;
cout << dst;
cout << endl;
//cin buffer
cout << "cin buffer is:" << endl;
memset(dst, '\0', sizeof(dst));
cin >> dst;
cout << dst << endl;
}
//<string>:getline()
void test7(string& dst_str)
{
cout << "getline test" << endl;
cout << "please input your string" << endl;
//cin.getline(dst, 10, 'z');
//getline(cin,dst_str);
getline(cin, dst_str,'#');
cout << "your string is:" << endl;
cout << dst_str;
cout << endl;
}
//difference between cin>> ,cin.get(),cin.getline()
int main()
{
char dst[200];
memset(dst,'\0',sizeof(dst));
string dst_str;
//test5(dst);
test7(dst_str);
return 0;
}2、元素之间利用空格输入，建立矩阵
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
//空格输入矩阵
//difference between cin>> ,cin.get(),cin.getline()
int main()
{
int m, n;
cin >> m >> n;
vector<vector<int>> vec2d(m, vector<int>(n, 0));
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
{
cin>>vec2d[i][j];
}
}
cout << "your vec2d is" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
{
cout << vec2d[i][j]<<' ';
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
3、元素之间利用' , '输入，建立矩阵
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
//逗号输入矩阵
//必须紧密相连
//difference between cin>> ,cin.get(),cin.getline()
int main()
{
int m, n;
cin >> m >> n;
vector<vector<int>> vec2d(m, vector<int>(n, 0));
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
{
cin>>vec2d[i][j];
//clear ','
cin.get();
}
}
cout << "your vec2d is" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i)
{
for (int j = 0; j < n-1; ++j)
{
cout << vec2d[i][j]<<' ';
}
cout << vec2d[i][n-1] <<endl;
}
return 0;
}
4、建立链表基础模板
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
//Definition for singly-linked list.
struct ListNode {
int val;
ListNode *next;
ListNode() : val(0), next(nullptr) {}
ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(nullptr) {}
ListNode(int x, ListNode *next) : val(x), next(next) {}
};
void PrintList(ListNode* head)
{
ListNode* cur = head;
while (cur)
{
cout<<cur->val<<endl;
cur = cur->next;
}
}
int main()
{
int n;
cin >> n;
ListNode* head = nullptr;
ListNode* cur = nullptr;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
{
int val;
cin >> val;
ListNode* tmp = new ListNode(val);
if (!head)
{
head = tmp;
cur = head;
}
else
{
cur->next = tmp;
cur = cur->next;
}
}
PrintList(head);
return 0;
}
5、手写2-32进制转10进制，和10进制转2-32进制
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
int Others2Dec(string s, int radix)
{
int ans = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++)
{
if (s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9')
{
ans =ans*radix+ (s[i] - '0');
}
else
{
ans = ans * radix + (s[i] - 'a') + 10;
}
}
return ans;
}
//
string Dec2Others(int n,int radix)
{
string ans;
//防止n=0
do {
int t = n % radix;
if (t >= 0 && t <= 9) ans += t + '0';
else ans += t - 10 + 'a';
n /= radix;
} while (n != 0);
reverse(ans.begin(), ans.end());
return ans;
}
int main()
{
string s;
cin >> s;
int n1 = Others2Dec(s, 16);
cout << n1 << endl;
cout << Dec2Others(n1,16) << endl;
char tmp[10] = {0};
sprintf_s(tmp, "%4x", n1);
cout << tmp << endl;
return 0;
}6、文件读写
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
//从cin读取多行数据，写入file（覆盖或者新建)
//从file读取文件并按行输出
int main()
{
//write
string file("./myfile.txt");
ofstream out;
//in out app ate trunc
out.open(file, ios::out);
if (!out)
{
cerr << "err out" << endl;
return -1;
}
int num;
cin >> num;
string tmp;
for (int i = 0; i < num; i++)
{
cin >> tmp;
out << tmp << endl;
}
out.close();
//read
ifstream in(file);
vector<string> vec;
if (!in)
{
cerr << "err int" << endl;
return -1;
}
while (getline(in, tmp))
{
vec.push_back(tmp);
}
in.close();
for (auto s : vec)
cout << s << endl;
return 0;
}7、getline(istream&，string，char)分隔符最好显式标出，不然有可能出错！！！
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<vector>
#include<unordered_map>
#include<sstream>
using namespace std;
string GetName(string s)
{
istringstream is(s);
string name;
while (getline(is, name, '\\')) {}
int len = name.length();
if (len <= 16)
return name;
else
return name.substr(len-16);
}
int main() {
string line;
vector<string> record;
unordered_map<string, int> mp;//<string,num>
//
while (getline(cin, line,'\n'))
{
istringstream is(line);
string name, row;
getline(is, name,' ');
getline(is, row);
name = GetName(name);
string key = name + ' ' + row;
if (mp.find(key) != mp.end())
{
mp[key]++;
}
else
{
record.push_back(key);
mp[key]++;
}
}
//
int n = record.size();
int start=(n-8>=0)?(n-8):0;
for (int i = start;i<n; i++)
{
cout << record[i] << ' ' << mp[record[i]] << endl;
}
return 0;
}8、istringstream不忽略流中的首个空格或者换行，需要ignore()
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int n;
vector<string> vec;
//注意n之后有空格
istringstream is(" 15 123 456 786 453 46 7 5 3 665 453456 745 456 786 453 123\n");
string line;
is >> n;
getline(is, line, '\n');
istringstream is2(line);
//is2.ignore()少不了，否则第一个分割的字符串是空串
is2.ignore();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
string s;
getline(is2, s, ' ');
vec.push_back(s);
}
for (auto val : vec)
{
cout << val << endl;
}
return 0;
}9、string的find函数（以及cin输入选好数据类型，int类型别用string处理，引来麻烦）
string的find( )函数✅_<Running Snail>的博客-CSDN博客_string的find函数
string find()函数、string::npos的含义、erase()函数_Mongo_girl的博客-CSDN博客
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
string s = "hello world!";
string obj = "llo";
string others = "abcd";
cout << s.find('e') << endl;
cout << s.find(obj) << endl;
cout << s.find_first_of('l') << endl;
cout << s.find_last_of('l') << endl;
//不存在的位置
cout << s.find(others) << endl;
cout << s.npos << endl;
return 0;
}10、unique函数
unique 函数 详解_生于忧患，死于安乐2017的博客-CSDN博客_unique函数
#include<vector>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> vec1 = { 7,8,9,2,3,4,4,4,3,2,1,0,10,11 };
vector<int> vec2(vec1);
//如果不排序
vec1.erase(unique(vec1.begin(), vec1.end()), vec1.end());
for (auto val : vec1)
{
cout << val << ' ';
}
cout << endl;
//排序
sort(vec2.begin(), vec2.end());
vec2.erase(unique(vec2.begin(), vec2.end()), vec2.end());
for (auto val : vec2)
{
cout << val << ' ';
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}11、仿函数的书写（HJ26字符串排序）
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
bool cmp(pair<char, int> a, pair<char, int> b)
{
char ca = a.first;
char cb = b.first;
if (ca >= 'a' && ca <= 'z') ca -= 'a' - 'A';
if (cb >= 'a' && cb <= 'z') cb -= 'a' - 'A';
if (ca == cb)
{
return (a.second < b.second);
}
else
{
return (ca < cb);
}
}
int main() {
string s;
cin >> s;
int len = s.length();
vector<pair<char, int>> vec;
//存放非字母下标
vector<int> Idx;
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if ((s[i] >= 'A' && s[i] <= 'Z') || (s[i] >= 'a' && s[i] <= 'z'))
{
vec.push_back({s[i],i});
}
else
{
Idx.push_back(i);
}
}
sort(vec.begin(),vec.end(),cmp);
int m = 0, n = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
if (m<Idx.size() && i == Idx[m])
{
cout << s[Idx[m++]];
}
else if(n<vec.size())
{
cout << vec[n++].first;
}
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}12、字典序排列问题
leetcode31
#include<vector>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
/*自己手写的next_permutation*/
void nextPermutation(vector<int>& nums) {
int n = nums.size();
int i = n - 2;
while (i >= 0 && nums[i] >= nums[i + 1])
{
i--;
}
int j = n - 1;
if (i >= 0)
{
while (j > i && nums[j] <= nums[i])
{
j--;
}
if (j > i && nums[j] > nums[i])
{
swap(nums[i], nums[j]);
}
}
reverse(nums.begin() + i + 1, nums.end());
}
void Print(vector<int>& vec)
{
for (auto val : vec)
{
cout << val<<' ';
}
cout << endl;
}
int main()
{
vector<int> vec = { 3,1,2 };
int mode = 1;
if (mode == 0)
{
sort(vec.begin(), vec.end());
/*为了判断回到起点了*/
vector<int> origin = vec;
Print(vec);
nextPermutation(vec);
while (vec != origin)
{
Print(vec);
nextPermutation(vec);
}
}
else
{
sort(vec.begin(), vec.end());
Print(vec);
while (next_permutation(vec.begin(), vec.end()))
{
Print(vec);
}
}
return 0;
}13、琐碎的注意事项
（1）sort()等函数的迭代器必须写对，如头迭代器和尾迭代器来自不同结构，会造成数组越界。
如sort(s1.begin(),s2.end());
14、C/C++标准输入输出格式控制
C++输出格式控制大全_爱吃的板栗.的博客-CSDN博客_c++格式控制符
C/C++标准输入输出格式控制_Medlen的博客-CSDN博客_c++限制输入格式
C++输入输出格式控制_hesorchen的博客-CSDN博客_c++输入输出格式控制
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<iomanip>
#include<bitset>
using namespace std;
void C_Test()
{
}
//成员函数 或者 流操纵算子也可以
void CPP_Test()
{
//整数输入输出格式
int val = 255;
//cin >> hex >> val;
cout << dec << val << endl;
cout << oct << val << endl;
cout << bitset<8>(val) << endl;
//小数输入输出格式,设置一次输出格式，对后续都有效，除非更改或者取消
double a = 3.141592653589793;
//设置16位有效数字
cout << setprecision(3) << a << endl;
//设置小数点后保留16位
cout << setprecision(3) << setiosflags(ios::fixed) << a << endl;
//重置标志位
cout << resetiosflags(ios::fixed);
//查看
cout << a << endl;
}
int main()
{
/*
测试：二~十六进制输入输出整数
*/
C_Test();
CPP_Test();
return 0;
}15、bitset设置
bitset——定义及常用操作。_小酒窝.的博客-CSDN博客_bitset操作
c++bitset用法详解（超简单）——蒟蒻函数_彗星七号的博客-CSDN博客_c++bitset用法
#include<bitset>
#include<string>
#include<algorithm>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
bitset<32> b(253);
//bitset的基本操作
cout << b.any() << endl;
//int和bitset
cout << b << endl;
//string 和 bitset
string s("11");
bitset<4> b2(s);
b2.flip(3);
cout << b2 << endl;
return 0;
}16、sscanf和ssprintf函数
通过sprintf函数来实现的进制转换_weixin_34370347的博客-CSDN博客
sprintf（）函数的用法_wangkeyen的博客-CSDN博客_sprintf
sscanf的用法_yanyanwenmeng的博客-CSDN博客_sscanf函数的用法
sscanf函数使用详解_faihung的博客-CSDN博客_sscanf
17、任意进制之间的两两互换
C++中的各种进制转换函数汇总_小·幸·运的博客-CSDN博客_c++进制转换
c/c++进制转换方法汇总（含全部代码）_lady_killer9的博客-CSDN博客_c++八进制转二进制
此外应当注意一下memset函数
C++学习——memset函数详解_流楚丶格念的博客-CSDN博客_c++中memset是什么意思
void *memset(void *s, int ch, size_t n);
任意进制互换需要通过10进制中间量
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<string>
#include<sstream>
#include<bitset>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
//其他string转10进制int
int O2Dec(string s,int radix)
{
int val = 0;
for (auto c : s)
{
if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
{
val=val*radix + c - '0';
}
else
{
val = val * radix + c - 'A'+10;
}
}
return val;
}
//10进制int转其他string
string Dec2O(int val, int radix)
{
string s;
do
{
int tmp = val % radix;
if (tmp >= 0 && tmp <= 9)
{
s += tmp + '0';
}
else
{
s += tmp - 10 + 'A';
}
val /= radix;
} while (val != 0);
reverse(s.begin(),s.end());
return s;
}
//任意进制互换
int main()
{
string s("FD");
int val;
//1.利用sstream转化
stringstream ss;
ss << hex << s;
ss >> val;
cout << val << endl;
//2.自己手写的10进制转其他
string s1 = Dec2O(val, 16);
cout << s1 << endl;
//3.自己手写的其他转10进制
int val1 = O2Dec(s1,16);
cout << val1 << endl;
//4.自己手写的任意进制互转 16->2
string h("FD");
string b = Dec2O(O2Dec(h,16),2);
cout << b << endl;
//5.利用bitset来转换
bitset<32> bs(b);
int val3 = bs.to_ulong();
cout << val3 << endl;
return 0;
}18、一些常用的数学函数（以及头文件）
C++/C++11中头文件cmath的使用_fengbingchun的博客-CSDN博客_cmath头文件包含什么
C/C++笔试必须熟悉掌握的头文件系列（二）——math.h/cmath_无鞋童鞋的博客-CSDN博客_cmath头文件包含什么
#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
double a = 4;
cout << pow(a, 2) << endl;
cout << sqrt(a) << endl;
cout << fabs(a) << endl;
cout << abs(a) << endl;
cout << log10(a) << endl;
cout << log(a) << endl;
return 0;
}19、C++ upper_bound、lower_bound、binary_search函数
C++中lower_bound函数和upper_bound函数_AEP_WYK的博客-CSDN博客
C++ upper_bound()函数_freshhell的博客-CSDN博客_c++ upper_bound
upper_bound与lower_bound函数_qq_37357873的博客-CSDN博客_upper_bound
lower_bound(起始地址，结束地址，要查找的数值) 返回的是数值第一个大于等于出现的位置。
upper_bound(起始地址，结束地址，要查找的数值) 返回的是 第一个大于待查找数值 出现的位置。
binary_search(起始地址，结束地址，要查找的数值) 返回的是是否存在这么一个数，是一个bool值。
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
vector<int> v = {
89,3,22,12,34,55,33,21,23,67,44,34,77,56,8
};
void Show(vector<int>& v)
{
int n = v.size();
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++)
{
cout << v[i] << ' ';
}
cout << v[n - 1] << endl;
}
bool cmp(int val, int ele)
{
return (val<ele);
}
int main()
{
/*----------------upper_bound------------------*/
//原始
Show(v);
//排序后
sort(v.begin(), v.end());
Show(v);
//upper基本用法：寻找非递减数组中第一个大于val的元素,底层是采用二分法实现
cout << *upper_bound(v.begin(),v.end(),55) << endl;
/*----------------lower_bound------------------*/
//lower基本用法：寻找非递减数组中第一个大于等于val的元素
cout << *lower_bound(v.begin(), v.end(), 55) << endl;
/*----------------binary_search------------------*/
//二分法搜索是否存在val
cout << binary_search(v.begin(), v.end(), 55) << endl;
return 0;
}
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