目录
一.ifconfig---查看网络接口信息
- 直接输入ifconfig命令,查看所有活动网络接口的信息
- ifconfig 网卡,查看指定网络接口信息
- 实例如下
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.43.133 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.43.255
inet6 fe80::fe27:a784:dd8d:8487 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:de:a0:aa txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 95615 bytes 135044639 (128.7 MiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 37149 bytes 2870389 (2.7 MiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]#
二.永久修改主机名称
- 使用hostnamectl命令
- 实例如下
[root@fpx ~]# hostnamectl status //查看系统基本信息
Static hostname: fpx
Pretty hostname: FPX
Icon name: computer-vm
Chassis: vm
Machine ID: dec81954d1114e09bb2764d831144880
Boot ID: 48d4c49ff069497e849570f929534d8e
Virtualization: vmware
Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
CPE OS Name: cpe:/o:centos:centos:7
Kernel: Linux 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
Architecture: x86-64
[root@fpx ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname centos7 //永久修改主机名
[root@fpx ~]# su //刷新
[root@centos7 ~]#
- 修改配置文件(/etc/hostname)
- 实例如下
[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/hostname
centos7
[root@centos7 ~]# vim /etc/hostname
localhost
~
~
[root@centos7 ~]
修改之后需要重启,主机名才能修改
- 使用nmtui终端工具,打开图形界面修改主机名
- 实例如下
[root@localhost ~]# nmtui
三.route-----查看路由表条目
- 直接执行route命令可以查看当前主机中的路由表信息,如下
[root@localhost ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
default gateway 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.43.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
[root@localhost ~]#
destination表示目标网段的地址,gateway对应下一跳路由器的地址,default表示此行是默认网关记录
- route -n,将路有记录中的地址显示为数字形式,如下
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.43.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.43.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
[root@localhost ~]#
四.netstat-----查看网络连接的情况
- netstat命令,查看系统的网络连接状态、路由表、接口统计信息
- -a:显示当前主机中所有活动的网络连接状态、路由表、接口统计信息
- -n:以数字形式显示相关的主机地址、端口等信息
- -p:显示与网络连接相关联的进程号、进程名称信息(选择root权限)
- -t:查看TCP协议相关的信息
- -u:查看UDP协议相关的信息
- 查看tcp先关联的端口,进程,实例如下:
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -natp
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:111 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1/systemd
tcp 0 0 192.168.100.99:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 43500/httpd
tcp 0 0 192.168.100.99:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 42348/named
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 42348/named
tcp 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1346/dnsmasq
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1051/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:631 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1052/cupsd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:953 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 42348/named
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 1229/master
tcp6 0 0 :::111 :::* LISTEN 1/systemd
tcp6 0 0 ::1:53 :::* LISTEN 42348/named
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 1051/sshd
tcp6 0 0 ::1:631 :::* LISTEN 1052/cupsd
tcp6 0 0 ::1:953 :::* LISTEN 42348/named
tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 1229/master
[root@localhost ~]#
- 查看udp相关联的端口,进程,实例如下:
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -naup
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
udp 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:* 42348/named
udp 0 0 192.168.100.99:53 0.0.0.0:* 42348/named
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:53 0.0.0.0:* 42348/named
udp 0 0 192.168.122.1:53 0.0.0.0:* 1346/dnsmasq
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:67 0.0.0.0:* 1346/dnsmasq
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 41944/dhclient
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:39500 0.0.0.0:* 618/avahi-daemon: r
udp 0 0 192.168.100.99:22145 198.41.0.4:53 ESTABLISHED 42348/named
udp 0 0 192.168.100.99:23187 198.41.0.4:53 ESTABLISHED 42348/named
udp 0 0 192.168.100.99:62666 198.41.0.4:53 ESTABLISHED 42348/named
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5353 0.0.0.0:* 618/avahi-daemon: r
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* 597/chronyd
udp6 0 0 ::1:53 :::* 42348/named
udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::* 597/chronyd
[root@localhost ~]#
五.traceroute-----跟踪数据包
- traceroute命令,测试从当前主机到目的主机之间经过的网络结点
- 使用格式:traceroute + 目标IP地址,实例如下:
[root@host2 ~]# traceroute 192.168.100.99
traceroute to 192.168.100.99 (192.168.100.99), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
1 gateway (192.168.20.1) 8.917 ms 19.319 ms 96.157 ms
2 192.168.100.99 (192.168.100.99) 194.701 ms 203.973 ms 214.894 ms
[root@host2 ~]#
六.nslookup-----域名解析
- nslookup命令,测试DNS域名解析
- 使用格式:nslookup + 目标主机的域名,实例如下:
[root@localhost ~]# nslookup www.taobao.com
Server: 192.168.43.2
Address: 192.168.43.2#53
Non-authoritative answer:
www.taobao.com canonical name = www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com.
Name: www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 111.3.79.234
Name: www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 111.3.79.235
Name: www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 211.138.124.237
Name: www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 2409:8c28:2808:5:3::3fa
Name: www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 2409:8c28:2808:5:3::3f9
Name: www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 2409:8c28:801:3:3::3f9
[root@localhost ~]#
七.ifconfig-----设置网络接口参数
- 设置网卡的IP地址和子网掩码:ifconfig 网卡名称 IP地址/掩码长度,示例如下:
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 10.10.10.10/24
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 10.10.10.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.10.10.255
inet6 fe80::94fa:2735:a1c:2b37 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:92:43:7a txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 268 bytes 22312 (21.7 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 146 bytes 16065 (15.6 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 65 bytes 5617 (5.4 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 65 bytes 5617 (5.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:6c:2b:02 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]#
- 禁用、重新激活网卡,示例如下:
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 down
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 65 bytes 5617 (5.4 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 65 bytes 5617 (5.4 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:6c:2b:02 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33 up
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.43.136 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.43.255
inet6 fe80::94fa:2735:a1c:2b37 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:92:43:7a txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1190 bytes 83666 (81.7 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 297 bytes 30962 (30.2 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 69 bytes 5965 (5.8 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 69 bytes 5965 (5.8 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:6c:2b:02 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]#
注:ifdown ens33 禁用网卡;ifup ens33 启用网卡
- 设置虚拟网络接口
- 使用格式:ifconfig 网卡名称:序号 IP地址,实例如下:
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig ens33:1 10.10.10.10
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.43.136 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.43.255
inet6 fe80::94fa:2735:a1c:2b37 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 00:0c:29:92:43:7a txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 1242 bytes 86848 (84.8 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 315 bytes 33297 (32.5 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
ens33:1: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 10.10.10.10 netmask 255.0.0.0 broadcast 10.255.255.255
ether 00:0c:29:92:43:7a txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 69 bytes 5965 (5.8 KiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 69 bytes 5965 (5.8 KiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255
ether 52:54:00:6c:2b:02 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
[root@localhost ~]#
八.route-----设置路由记录
- 添加到指定网段的路由记录:route add -net 网段地址 gw IP地址,实例如下:
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 192.168.3.0/24 gw 10.10.10.10
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.43.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 ens33
192.168.3.0 10.10.10.10 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 ens33
192.168.43.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
- 删除到指定网段的路由记录:route del -net 网段地址,实例如下:
[root@localhost ~]# route del -net 192.168.3.0/24
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.43.2 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 ens33
10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 ens33
192.168.43.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 100 0 0 ens33
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
[root@localhost ~]#
- 删除路由表中的默认网关记录:route del default gw IP地址
- 向路由表中添加默认网关记录:route add default gw IP地址
- gw后面跟下一跳地址
注:/etc/resolv.conf 域名解析配置文件;/etc/hosts 本地主机映射文件(可以修改域名映射)
九.DHCP服务
- DHCP(动态主机配置协议)是用来自动分发IP地址的协议,DHCP避免了IP地址冲突,提高了IP地址的利用率
- DHCP的租约过程:1,客户机在网络发出一个discover广播搜索服务器;2,服务器收到广播之后,向客户端响应了一个offer广播;3,客户端收到offer之后,向服务器发出request广播请求;4,服务器向客户端发送ACK确认广播
- 租约一般是8天,但是到第四天时就必须开始续约
- 更新租约时,客户机直接向提供租约的服务期发送DHCP request包,要求更新现有的地址租约
- dhcp软件的主要文件,实例如下:
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qc dhcp
/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
/etc/dhcp/dhcpd6.conf
/etc/openldap/schema/dhcp.schema
/etc/sysconfig/dhcpd
/var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd.leases
/var/lib/dhcpd/dhcpd6.leases
[root@localhost ~]#
- 主配置文件:/etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf;主配置文件的内容构成,如下:
subnet 192.168.100.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { //局部配置参数,网段声明
range 192.168.100.10 192.168.100.100; //IP地址分发范围
option routers 192.168.100.1; //网关地址
option domain-name-servers 192.168.100.99; //DNS服务IP地址
default-lease-time 600; //默认租约期限
max-lease-time 7200; //最大租约期限
host dns { //host主机声明,作用单个主机,指定IP地址
hardware ethernet 00:0c:29:0b:69:b8; //该指定IP主机的MAC地址
fixed-address 192.168.100.99;//指定的IP地址
}
}
- 启动的DHCP服务的详细步骤
1.安装DHCP的相关安装包
yum install dhcp* -y
2.给服务器配置静态的IP地址,添加IP地址
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33
3.复制dhcp主配置文件的模板
cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.2.5/dhcpd.conf.example /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
4.编辑主配置文件
vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
参数如下:
subnet 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.10.100 192.168.10.200;
option routers 192.168.10.1;
option domian-name-servers 192.168.100.99;
default-lease-time 7200
max-lease-time 620
host ns {
hardware ethernet MAC地址;
fixed-address 192.168,100.88;
}
}