Python + Playwright + Pytest UI自动化

项目结构

project/
├── pages/
│├── __init__.py
│├── base_page.py
│└── login_page.py
├── tests/
│├── __init__.py
│├── conftest.py
│└── test_login.py
├── pytest.ini
└── requirements.txt

1. requirements.txt

pytest==7.4.3
playwright==1.40.0
pytest-playwright==0.4.3

2. base_page.py

from playwright.sync_api import Page, expect

class BasePage:
def __init__(self, page: Page):
self.page = page

def navigate(self, url: str):
self.page.goto(url)

def get_title(self) -> str:
return self.page.title()

def get_url(self) -> str:
return self.page.url

3. login_page.py

from playwright.sync_api import Page, expect
from pages.base_page import BasePage

class LoginPage(BasePage):
# Locators
USERNAME_INPUT = "[data-test='username']"
PASSWORD_INPUT = "[data-test='password']"
LOGIN_BUTTON = "[data-test='login-button']"
ERROR_MESSAGE = "[data-test='error']"

def __init__(self, page: Page):
super().__init__(page)

def load(self):
self.navigate("https://www.saucedemo.com/")

def enter_username(self, username: str):
self.page.locator(self.USERNAME_INPUT).fill(username)

def enter_password(self, password: str):
self.page.locator(self.PASSWORD_INPUT).fill(password)

def click_login(self):
self.page.locator(self.LOGIN_BUTTON).click()

def login(self, username: str, password: str):
self.enter_username(username)
self.enter_password(password)
self.click_login()

def get_error_message(self):
return self.page.locator(self.ERROR_MESSAGE).text_content()

def is_error_displayed(self):
return self.page.locator(self.ERROR_MESSAGE).is_visible()

4. conftest.py

import pytest
from playwright.sync_api import Page, Browser, BrowserContext
from pages.login_page import LoginPage

@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def browser_type_launch_args():
return {"headless": True}

@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def browser_context_args():
return {"viewport": {"width": 1920, "height": 1080}}

@pytest.fixture
def login_page(page: Page) -> LoginPage:
return LoginPage(page)

@pytest.fixture
def authenticated_page(login_page: LoginPage):
"""Fixture that logs in and returns the page object"""
login_page.load()
login_page.login("standard_user", "secret_sauce")
yield login_page.page

5. test_login.py

import pytest
from playwright.sync_api import Page, expect
from pages.login_page import LoginPage

class TestLogin:
"""Test cases for SauceDemo login functionality"""

def test_successful_login(self, login_page: LoginPage):
"""Test successful login with valid credentials"""
# Arrange
login_page.load()

# Act
login_page.login("standard_user", "secret_sauce")

# Assert
expect(login_page.page).to_have_url("https://www.saucedemo.com/inventory.html")
expect(login_page.page).to_have_title("Swag Labs")

# Additional assertions
inventory_container = login_page.page.locator("#inventory_container")
expect(inventory_container).to_be_visible()

shopping_cart = login_page.page.locator("#shopping_cart_container")
expect(shopping_cart).to_be_visible()

def test_login_with_invalid_username(self, login_page: LoginPage):
"""Test login with invalid username"""
# Arrange
login_page.load()

# Act
login_page.login("invalid_user", "secret_sauce")

# Assert
expect(login_page.page).to_have_url("https://www.saucedemo.com/")
expect(login_page.is_error_displayed()).to_be_truthy()

error_text = login_page.get_error_message()
assert "Epic sadface: Username and password do not match" in error_text

def test_login_with_invalid_password(self, login_page: LoginPage):
"""Test login with invalid password"""
# Arrange
login_page.load()

# Act
login_page.login("standard_user", "wrong_password")

# Assert
expect(login_page.page).to_have_url("https://www.saucedemo.com/")
expect(login_page.is_error_displayed()).to_be_truthy()

error_text = login_page.get_error_message()
assert "Epic sadface: Username and password do not match" in error_text

def test_login_with_locked_user(self, login_page: LoginPage):
"""Test login with locked out user"""
# Arrange
login_page.load()

# Act
login_page.login("locked_out_user", "secret_sauce")

# Assert
expect(login_page.page).to_have_url("https://www.saucedemo.com/")
expect(login_page.is_error_displayed()).to_be_truthy()

error_text = login_page.get_error_message()
assert "Epic sadface: Sorry, this user has been locked out." in error_text

def test_login_with_empty_credentials(self, login_page: LoginPage):
"""Test login with empty username and password"""
# Arrange
login_page.load()

# Act
login_page.click_login()

# Assert
expect(login_page.page).to_have_url("https://www.saucedemo.com/")
expect(login_page.is_error_displayed()).to_be_truthy()

error_text = login_page.get_error_message()
assert "Epic sadface: Username is required" in error_text

@pytest.mark.parametrize("username,password", [
("standard_user", "secret_sauce"),
("problem_user", "secret_sauce"),
("performance_glitch_user", "secret_sauce"),
])
def test_login_multiple_users(self, login_page: LoginPage, username, password):
"""Test login with multiple valid users"""
# Arrange
login_page.load()

# Act
login_page.login(username, password)

# Assert
expect(login_page.page).to_have_url("https://www.saucedemo.com/inventory.html")
expect(login_page.page.locator(".app_logo")).to_have_text("Swag Labs")

# Cleanup - logout for next test
login_page.page.locator("#react-burger-menu-btn").click()
login_page.page.locator("#logout_sidebar_link").click()

def test_navigation_after_login(self, authenticated_page: Page):
"""Test that user can navigate after successful login"""
page = authenticated_page

# Test navigation to cart
cart_icon = page.locator("#shopping_cart_container")
cart_icon.click()
expect(page).to_have_url("https://www.saucedemo.com/cart.html")

# Test back to products
continue_shopping = page.locator("#continue-shopping")
continue_shopping.click()
expect(page).to_have_url("https://www.saucedemo.com/inventory.html")

6. pytest.ini

[pytest]
addopts =
--verbose
--strict-markers
--tb=short
--capture=no
--disable-warnings
testpaths = tests
python_files = test_*.py
python_classes = Test*
python_functions = test_*
markers =
smoke: Smoke tests
regression: Regression tests
login: Login related tests

7. 运行测试的脚本 run_tests.py

import subprocess
import sys

def run_tests():
"""Run pytest with appropriate arguments"""
# Install required packages
subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, "-m", "pip", "install", "-r", "requirements.txt"])

# Install Playwright browsers
subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, "-m", "playwright", "install", "chromium"])

# Run tests
result = subprocess.run([
sys.executable, "-m", "pytest",
"tests/test_login.py::TestLogin::test_successful_login",
"-v",
"--headed"# Remove this to run in headless mode
])

return result.returncode

if __name__ == "__main__":
sys.exit(run_tests())

8. 快速运行指南

安装依赖：

pip install -r requirements.txt
playwright install chromium

运行所有测试：

pytest tests/test_login.py -v

运行特定测试：

pytest tests/test_login.py::TestLogin::test_successful_login -v

运行带UI的测试：

pytest tests/test_login.py --headed

主要特点：

1. POM设计模式：页面对象分离，易于维护
2. 稳定的定位器：优先使用data-test属性
3. 全面的断言：包含URL、标题、元素可见性等断言
4. 参数化测试：支持多用户登录测试
5. 独立的fixture：提供已认证的page fixture
6. 清晰的测试结构：遵循Arrange-Act-Assert模式
7. 错误处理：包含各种错误场景的测试

代码可以直接复制运行，只需安装依赖并运行python run_tests.py即可。