零基础学Python-Task03

学习内容：

（一）字典

字典（也叫 dict）是一种和列表类似的数据存储方式。但是不同于列表只能用数字获取数据，字典可以用任何东西来获取。
读数据：
字典能够把一个东西和另一个东西关联起来，不管它们是什么类型。

stuff = {'name': 'Zed', 'age': 39, 'height': 6 * 12 + 2}

print(stuff['name'])  # Zed

print(stuff['age'])   # 39

print(stuff['height'])  # 74

stuff['city'] = "SF"

print(stuff['city'])

print(stuff) # {'name': 'Zed', 'age': 39, 'height': 74, 'city': 'SF'}

写入数据

stuff[1] = "Wow"
stuff[2] = "Neato"
print(stuff[1]) # Wow

print(stuff[2]) # Neato

print(stuff)
# {'name': 'Zed', 'age': 39, 'height': 74, 'city': 'SF', 1: 'Wow', 2: 'Neato'}

删除数据

del stuff['city']
print(stuff) # {'name': 'Zed', 'age': 39, 'height': 74, 1: 'Wow', 2: 'Neato'}

例子：

• 字典取数据时可以嵌套，如：cities[states[‘Michigan’]]
• 用for…in…遍历字典的每一个元素，states.items代表每一项 ，state代表第一个字符，abbrev代表第二个字符
• 在字典里查找数据可以用get，第一个参数是名称，第二个参数是没有找到的返回值，cities.get(‘TX’, ‘Does Not Exist’) #如果在city里没有找到 TX ，就返回’Does Not Exist’

##############一个字典实例###############
# create a mapping of state to abbreviation
states = {
    'Oregon': 'OR',
    'Florida': 'FL',
    'California': 'CA',
    'New York': 'NY',
    'Michigan': 'MI'
}

# create a basic set of states and some cities in them
cities = {
    'CA': 'San Francisco',
    'MI': 'Detroit',
    'FL': 'Jacksonville'
}

# add some more cities
cities['NY'] = 'New York'
cities['OR'] = 'Portland'
print(cities)
#{'CA': 'San Francisco', 'MI': 'Detroit', 'FL': 'Jacksonville', 'NY': 'New York', 'OR': 'Portland'}

# print out some cities
print('-' * 10)
print("NY State has: ", cities['NY'])
print("OR State has: ", cities['OR'])
# NY State has:  New York
# OR State has:  Portland


# print some states
print('-' * 10)
print("Michigan's abbreviation is: ", states['Michigan'])
print("Florida's abbreviation is: ", states['Florida'])
# Michigan's abbreviation is:  MI
# Florida's abbreviation is:  FL

# do it by using the state then cities dict
print('-' * 10)
print("Michigan has: ", cities[states['Michigan']])
print("Florida has: ", cities[states['Florida']])
# Michigan has:  Detroit
# Florida has:  Jacksonville


# print every state abbreviation
print('-' * 10)
for state, abbrev in list(states.items()):
    print(f"{state} is abbreviated {abbrev}")

# 用for...in...遍历字典的每一个元素，states.items代表每一项 ，state代表第一个字符，abbrev代表第二个字符
# Oregon is abbreviated OR
# Florida is abbreviated FL
# California is abbreviated CA
# New York is abbreviated NY
# Michigan is abbreviated MI



# print every city in state
print('-' * 10)
for abbrev, city in list(cities.items()):
    print(f"{abbrev} has the city {city}")

# now do both at the same time
print('-' * 10)
for state, abbrev in list(states.items()):
    print(f"{state} state is abbreviated {abbrev}")
    print(f"and has city {cities[abbrev]}")




print('-' * 10)
# safely get a abbreviation by state that might not be there
state = states.get('Texas')

if not state:
    print("Sorry, no Texas.")

# get a city with a default value
city = cities.get('TX', 'Does Not Exist') #如果在city里没有找到 TX ，就返回'Does Not Exist'
print(f"The city for the state 'TX' is: {city}")
# The city for the state 'TX' is: Does Not Exist

（二）元组

元组是另一个数据类型，类似于 List（列表）。
元组用 () 标识。内部元素用逗号隔开。但是元组不能二次赋值，相当于只读列表。

tuple = ( 'runoob', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )
tinytuple = (123, 'john')
 
print(tuple)               # 输出完整元组
print(tuple[0])             # 输出元组的第一个元素
print(tuple[1:3])           # 输出第二个至第四个（不包含）的元素 
print(tuple[2:])            # 输出从第三个开始至列表末尾的所有元素
print(tinytuple * 2)        # 输出元组两次
print(tuple + tinytuple)    # 打印组合的元组

输出如下：

以下是元组无效的，因为元组是不允许更新的

tuple = ( 'runoob', 786 , 2.23, 'john', 70.2 )
tuple[2] = 1000    # 元组中是非法应用

（三）布尔类型

and ：有一个为假，结果就为假
or： 有一个为真，结果才为真

True and True # True
False and True # False
1 == 1 and 2 == 1 # False
"test" == "test" # True
1 == 1 or 2 != 1  # True
 True and 1 == 1 # True
False and 0 != 0 # False
not ("testing" == "testing" and "Zed" == "Cool Guy") # True
1 == 1 and (not ("testing" == 1 or 1 == 0)) # True
"chunky" == "bacon" and (not (3 == 4 or 3 == 3)) # False
 3 == 3 and (not ("testing" == "testing" or "Python" == "Fun")) #False

Process finished with exit code 0

（四）读写文件

close - 关闭文件，就像编辑器中的 “文件->另存为”一样。
read - 读取文件内容。你可以把读取结果赋给一个变量。
readline - 只读取文本文件的一行内容。
truncate - 清空文件。清空的时候要当心。
write(‘stuff’) - 给文件写入一些“东西”。
seek(0) - 把读/写的位置移到文件最开头。
1.open
使用open打开文件后一定要记得调用文件对象的close()方法。比如可以用try/finally语句来确保最后能关闭文件。
file_object = open(‘thefile.txt’)
2.读文件
读文本文件
input = open(‘data’, ‘r’)
#第二个参数默认为r
input = open(‘data’)
3.写文件
写文本文件
output = open(‘data’, ‘w’)

写二进制文件
output = open(‘data’, ‘wb’)

追加写文件
output = open(‘data’, ‘w+’)

写数据
file_object = open(‘thefile.txt’, ‘w’)
file_object.write(all_the_text)
file_object.close( )

总结：

task03：本次学习了字典、元组、布尔类型和文件操作，重要的是对字典的遍历；元组只能读不能写；and是有一个为假，结果就为假，or是有一个为真，结果才为真；最后是读写文件的一些操作，之后都会用到。