超硬核！C#学霸笔记，考试/面试随便秒杀，也可以作为深入学习 C# 的基础

以下是 C# 程序员学霸级别的笔记，涵盖了 C# 的核心概念、技术细节以及常见的编程实践。

C# 语言基础

1. 基本语法

• 变量和数据类型: int, double, float, char, bool, string, var

  int age = 30;
  double salary = 1000.50;
  char initial = 'A';
  bool isActive = true;
  string name = "John Doe";
  

• 常量和枚举:

  const double Pi = 3.14159;
  
  enum Day { Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday }
  

• 控制结构: if, else, switch, for, while, do-while

  if (age > 18)
  {
      Console.WriteLine("Adult");
  }
  else
  {
      Console.WriteLine("Minor");
  }
  
  for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
  {
      Console.WriteLine(i);
  }
  

2. 面向对象编程 (OOP)

• 类和对象:

  public class Person
  {
      public string Name { get; set; }
      public int Age { get; set; }
  
      public void Greet()
      {
          Console.WriteLine($"Hello, my name is {Name}");
      }
  }
  
  Person person = new Person { Name = "Alice", Age = 30 };
  person.Greet();
  

• 继承:

  public class Employee : Person
  {
      public string Position { get; set; }
  
      public void DisplayPosition()
      {
          Console.WriteLine($"Position: {Position}");
      }
  }
  
  Employee employee = new Employee { Name = "Bob", Age = 40, Position = "Manager" };
  employee.Greet();
  employee.DisplayPosition();
  

• 接口和抽象类:

  public interface IAnimal
  {
      void Speak();
  }
  
  public abstract class Animal
  {
      public abstract void MakeSound();
  }
  
  public class Dog : Animal, IAnimal
  {
      public override void MakeSound()
      {
          Console.WriteLine("Bark");
      }
  
      public void Speak()
      {
          Console.WriteLine("Woof");
      }
  }
  

3. 集合和泛型

• 数组和列表:

  int[] numbers = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
  List<string> names = new List<string> { "Alice", "Bob", "Charlie" };
  

• 字典和集合:

  Dictionary<string, int> ages = new Dictionary<string, int>
  {
      { "Alice", 30 },
      { "Bob", 40 }
  };
  
  HashSet<string> uniqueNames = new HashSet<string> { "Alice", "Bob", "Alice" };
  

• 泛型:

  public class Stack<T>
  {
      private List<T> elements = new List<T>();
  
      public void Push(T item)
      {
          elements.Add(item);
      }
  
      public T Pop()
      {
          T item = elements[elements.Count - 1];
          elements.RemoveAt(elements.Count - 1);
          return item;
      }
  }
  
  Stack<int> intStack = new Stack<int>();
  intStack.Push(1);
  intStack.Push(2);
  int item = intStack.Pop();
  

4. 异常处理

• 使用 try, catch, finally:

  try
  {
      int result = 10 / 0;
  }
  catch (DivideByZeroException ex)
  {
      Console.WriteLine("Cannot divide by zero");
  }
  finally
  {
      Console.WriteLine("Execution completed");
  }
  

5. LINQ (Language Integrated Query)

• 查询操作:

  var numbers = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
  var evenNumbers = from number in numbers
                    where number % 2 == 0
                    select number;
  
  foreach (var num in evenNumbers)
  {
      Console.WriteLine(num);
  }
  

• 方法语法:

  var evenNumbers = numbers.Where(n => n % 2 == 0).ToList();
  

高级特性

1. 异步编程

• async 和 await:

  public async Task<string> FetchDataAsync()
  {
      await Task.Delay(2000); // Simulate a delay
      return "Data fetched";
  }
  
  public async Task ExecuteAsync()
  {
      string result = await FetchDataAsync();
      Console.WriteLine(result);
  }
  

2. 委托和事件

• 委托:

  public delegate void Notify(string message);
  
  public class Process
  {
      public event Notify OnProcessCompleted;
  
      public void StartProcess()
      {
          // Process logic here
          OnProcessCompleted?.Invoke("Process completed");
      }
  }
  

3. 内存管理和垃圾回收

• IDisposable 接口和 using 语句:

  public class Resource : IDisposable
  {
      public void Dispose()
      {
          // Release resources here
      }
  }
  
  using (Resource res = new Resource())
  {
      // Use resource
  }
  

编程实践

1. 代码风格

• 命名规范: 类名、方法名和变量名应遵循 PascalCase 和 camelCase 命名规则。
• 注释: 使用 XML 注释为公共 API 生成文档。

2. 设计模式

• 单例模式:

  public class Singleton
  {
      private static readonly Singleton instance = new Singleton();
      
      private Singleton() { }
      
      public static Singleton Instance
      {
          get { return instance; }
      }
  }
  

• 工厂模式:

  public interface IProduct
  {
      void Create();
  }
  
  public class ProductA : IProduct
  {
      public void Create()
      {
          Console.WriteLine("ProductA created");
      }
  }
  
  public class ProductB : IProduct
  {
      public void Create()
      {
          Console.WriteLine("ProductB created");
      }
  }
  
  public class ProductFactory
  {
      public static IProduct GetProduct(string type)
      {
          switch (type)
          {
              case "A": return new ProductA();
              case "B": return new ProductB();
              default: throw new ArgumentException("Invalid type");
          }
      }
  }
  

这些笔记涵盖了 C# 编程的关键概念和技术细节，可以作为深入学习 C# 的基础。