【详解】Executors框架之CompleableFuture

引入

使用Future获得异步执行结果时,要么调用阻塞方法get(),要么轮询看isDone()是否为true,这两种方法都不是很好,因为主线程也会被迫等待。

从Java 8开始引入了CompletableFuture,它针对Future做了改进,可以传入回调对象,当异步任务完成或者发生异常时,自动调用回调对象的回调方法。

优势如下

  • 可以利用结果进行级联的执行
  • 会自动回调给调用者
  • 执行一批任务时,可以按照任务执行的顺序,获得结果
  • 可以并行的获取结果,只拿最先获取的结果级联的执行

简介

CompleableFuture依然是对Executor的封装,看构造函数的源码,可以知道一般情况下会创建一个ForkJoinPool,同时ThreadFactory会设置为守护线程。这就意味着:一旦主线程结束,线程池就会关闭。

简单实用

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

        CompletableFuture.runAsync(()->{
            try {
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }).whenComplete((v,t)->{
            System.out.println("Done");
        });
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }
}

结果

Done

可以发现CompleableFuture,在执行完成后,会自动去调用下个任务的方法,不会受到阻塞。

创建CompleableFuture

创建CompleableFuture不建议使用构造方法,而是使用静态的工厂方法构建。

public static CompletableFuture<Void> allOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)


public static CompletableFuture<Object> anyOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)


public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> completedFuture(U value)


public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable,Executor executor)
public static CompletableFuture<Void> runAsync(Runnable runnable)

public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)
public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)                                             
  • allOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs):这个方法会返回一个全新的CompletableFuture,同时会把传递进去的所有CompletableFuture执行完才算是执行完成

  • anyOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs):这个方法会返回一个全新的CompletableFuture,只要传递进去的一个CompletableFuture执行完,就算是执行完成

  • completedFuture(U value)可以假设一个执行出了一个结果,进行下面的级联操作

  • runAsync:异步的执行Runnable

  • supplyAsync:异步的执行Supplier实例,会有回调的结果U

supplyAsync举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        supplyAsync();
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }

    private static void supplyAsync() throws InterruptedException {

        CompletableFuture<String> future1 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello ");

        CompletableFuture<String> future2 = future1.thenApplyAsync(obj -> {
            try {
                System.out.print(obj);
                TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return "World! ";
        });

        future2.thenAccept(System.out::println);
    }

}

结果

Hello World! 

分析
需要给supplyAsync提供一个Supplier接口,如下所示:

public interface Supplier<T> {
    T get();
}

runAsync举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        supplyAsync();
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }

    private static void supplyAsync() throws InterruptedException {

        CompletableFuture<Void> future1 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> System.out.print("Hello "));

        CompletableFuture<Void> future2 = future1.thenAccept(t -> {
            System.out.println("World !");
        });
    }

}

结果

Hello World! 

分析
比一般的提交一个Runnable相比,可以更加灵活点使用,级联、并联等操作

anyOf 举例

同时从新浪和网易查询证券代码,只要任意一个返回结果,就进行下一步查询价格,查询价格也同时从新浪和网易查询,只要任意一个返回结果,就完成操作:

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        // 两个CompletableFuture执行异步查询:
        CompletableFuture<String> cfQueryFromSina = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            return queryCode("中国石油", "https://finance.sina.com.cn/code/");
        });
        CompletableFuture<String> cfQueryFrom163 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            return queryCode("中国石油", "https://money.163.com/code/");
        });

        // 用anyOf合并为一个新的CompletableFuture:
        CompletableFuture<Object> cfQuery = CompletableFuture.anyOf(cfQueryFromSina, cfQueryFrom163);

        // 两个CompletableFuture执行异步查询:
        CompletableFuture<Double> cfFetchFromSina = cfQuery.thenApplyAsync((code) -> {
            return fetchPrice((String) code, "https://finance.sina.com.cn/price/");
        });
        CompletableFuture<Double> cfFetchFrom163 = cfQuery.thenApplyAsync((code) -> {
            return fetchPrice((String) code, "https://money.163.com/price/");
        });

        // 用anyOf合并为一个新的CompletableFuture:
        CompletableFuture<Object> cfFetch = CompletableFuture.anyOf(cfFetchFromSina, cfFetchFrom163);

        // 最终结果:
        cfFetch.thenAccept((result) -> {
            System.out.println("price: " + result);
        });
        // 主线程不要立刻结束,否则CompletableFuture默认使用的线程池会立刻关闭:
        Thread.sleep(200);
    }

    static String queryCode(String name, String url) {
        System.out.println("query code from " + url + "...");
        try {
            Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 100));
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        }
        return "601857";
    }

    static Double fetchPrice(String code, String url) {
        System.out.println("query price from " + url + "...");
        try {
            Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 100));
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        }
        return 5 + Math.random() * 20;
    }

}

结果:

query code from https://finance.sina.com.cn/code/...
query code from https://money.163.com/code/...
query price from https://finance.sina.com.cn/price/...
query price from https://money.163.com/price/...
price: 7.50078323021774

分析

需要注意一点,虽然是异步的从一个地方取值,但是其他任务依然会执行完成,而并非不再执行了

组合方法

组合两个任务,同时处理两个结果
public <U> CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
                                                  BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action)
public <U> CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
                                                       BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action)
public <U> CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
                                                       BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action,
                                                       Executor executor)
                                                       

举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello");

        CompletableFuture<Void> future = completableFuture.thenAcceptBoth(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 100),
                (s,i)-> System.out.println("s: "+ s + ", i: " + i));
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }
}

结果

s: Hello, i: 100

分析

  • 可以看出是两个任务组合,然后同时将两个结果一起处理
组合两个任务,任务完成后做的操作
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other,
                                            Runnable action)                                            
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,
                                                 Runnable action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterBothAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,
                                                 Runnable action)

分析

  • 相当于组合两个任务,执行thenRun
当两个任务任意一个执行完成后,执行一个操作
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterEither(CompletionStage<?> other,
                                              Runnable action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,
                                                   Runnable action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> runAfterEitherAsync(CompletionStage<?> other,
                                                   Runnable action)

举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            System.out.println("Hello");
            return "a";
        });

        CompletableFuture<Void> future = completableFuture.runAfterEitherAsync(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                    System.out.println(100);
                    return 100;
                }),
                () -> System.out.println("done."));
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }

}

结果

Hello
100
done.

分析

  • 相当于一次同步任务
组合两个任务,处理后,返回一个结果
public <U,V> CompletableFuture<V> thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
                                              BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)
public <U,V> CompletableFuture<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
                                                   BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)
public <U,V> CompletableFuture<V> thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other,
                                                   BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)
                                              

举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "a");

        CompletableFuture<Boolean> future = completableFuture.thenCombine(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 100),
                (s,i)->{
                    System.out.println("s: " + s +" , i : " + i);
                    return true;
                });
        System.out.println(future.get());
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }
}

结果

s: a , i : 100
true
合并两个任务,第一个任务的输出是第二个任务的输入
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenCompose(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn,
                                                 Executor executor)

分析

  • 相当于一次级联操作

中转方法

有返回值

当执行完成时执行的操作
public CompletableFuture<T> whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
public CompletableFuture<T> whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action, Executor executor)

举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello");
        CompletableFuture<String> future = completableFuture.whenComplete((v, t) -> System.out.println(v + " World !"));
        System.out.println(future.get());
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }
}

结果

Hello World !
Hello

分析

  • 当执行完成时执行的回调方法
  • 该方法会接收执行的结果以及异常
  • 回调完成会,会把任务执行的结果传递回去
  • whenCompleteAsync是异步的;whenComplete是同步的,会卡住主线程
  • 需要传递一个BiConsumer接口,如下所示:
public interface BiConsumer<T, U> {
    void accept(T t, U u);
  • T是执行的结果,U是执行时产生的异常
级联操作
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn,Executor executor)

举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello");

        CompletableFuture<Integer> future = completableFuture.thenApplyAsync(t -> {
            String s =  t + " World !";
            System.out.println(s);
            return s.length();
        });
        System.out.println(future.get());
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }

}
public interface Function<T, R> {
    R apply(T t);

结果

Hello World !
13

分析

  • 是一个级联操作,即拿着上个任务的结果,做下个任务,同时返回一个新的结果
处理结果的操作
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn)
public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn,Executor executor)

举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello");

        CompletableFuture<Integer> future = completableFuture.handleAsync((s,t) -> {
            String aaa =  t + " World !";
            System.out.println(aaa);
            return aaa.length();
        });
        System.out.println(future.get());
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }

}

结果

Hello World !
13

分析

  • 相比于whenComplete返回值可以自己处理,相当于一次级联
  • 相比于thenApply可以处理异常

无返回值

处理结果
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action,Executor executor)

举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "Hello");

        CompletableFuture<Void> future = completableFuture.thenAccept(t -> {
            String aaa =  t + " World !";
            System.out.println(aaa);
        });
        System.out.println(future.get());
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }

}

结果

Hello World !
null

分析

  • 相当于一次级联,但是没有返回值
执行完全部任务
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenRun(Runnable action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action)
public CompletableFuture<Void> thenRunAsync(Runnable action,Executor executor)

分析

  • 相较thenAccept,不处理任务的执行结果

终结方法

处理异常
public CompletableFuture<T> exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn)
public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            int a  = 1/0;
            return "World ";
        });
        completableFuture.exceptionally(Throwable::getMessage).thenAccept(t->{
            System.out.println(t);
        });

        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }
}
立马获取结果
public T getNow(T valueIfAbsent)

举例

public class CompletableFutureTest {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<String> completableFuture = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "World ");

        Thread.sleep(1000);
        String now = completableFuture.getNow("Hello");
        System.out.println(now);
        System.out.println(completableFuture.get());
        Thread.currentThread().join();
    }

}

结果

World 
World 

分析

  • 如果结果完成返回结果,如果未完成,返回传入进去的值
判断结果是否完成,如果未完成则赋予结果
public boolean complete(T value)
判断结果是否完成,如果未完成返回异常
public boolean completeExceptionally(Throwable ex)
后续获取结果会产生异常
public void obtrudeException(Throwable ex)

总结

  • thenAccept()处理正常结果;
  • exceptionally()处理异常结果;
  • thenApplyAsync()用于串行化另一个CompletableFuture
  • anyOf()和allOf()用于并行化多个CompletableFuture
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