爬虫03-requests使用（简）

Requests是基于urllib，采用Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库，比urllib更加方便，满足HTTP测试需求。是一个python实现的简单http库。

1. requests

1.1 实例引入

import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
print(type(response),'\n')
print(response.status_code)

<class ‘requests.models.Response’>

200

print(type(response.text))   #字符串类型
print(response.cookies)
print(response.text)

1.2 各种请求方式

import requests
requests.post('https://www.baidu.com/')  #发送post请求
requests.put('https://www.baidu.com/')
requests.delete('https://www.baidu.com/')
requests.head('https://www.baidu.com/')
requests.options('https://www.baidu.com/')

2. 请求

2.1 基本GET请求

2.1.1 基本写法

import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') #测试用
print(response.text)

2.1.2 带参数GET请求

import requests
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")
print(response.text)

或者：

import requests

data = {
    'name': 'germey',
    'age': 22
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
print(response.text)

2.1.3 解析Json

import requests
import json

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")

print(type(response.text),'\n')     #字符串格式
print(response.json(),'\n')
print(json.loads(response.text),'\n')  #这两种输出内容一样
print(type(response.json()))       #字典格式

2.1.4 获取二进制数据

import requests

response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")   #一个图片
print(type(response.text), type(response.content),'\n')
print(response.text,'\n')
print(response.content) #获取二进制数据

图片如下：

'''保存图片'''
import requests

response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
with open('favicon.ico', 'wb') as f:
    f.write(response.content)
    f.close()

2.1.5 添加headers

知乎网站

import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore")
print(response.status_code,'\n')  #查看是否访问有错
print(response.text)

访问不到。添加headers

import requests
#开发者工具里面
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
print(response.text)

访问成功

2.2 基本POST请求

data参数

import requests

data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(response.text)

加headers方式相同。转换为json

import requests

data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.json())

3. 响应

3.1 reponse属性

以简书网站为例

import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code,'\n') #状态码
print(type(response.headers), response.headers,'\n')         #haeders
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies,'\n')         #cookies
print(type(response.url), response.url,'\n')                 #url
print(type(response.history), response.history)         #访问历史记录

访问出错，添加headers

url='https://www.jianshu.com/'

headers={
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/90.0.4430.93 Safari/537.36'
}
response=requests.get(url,headers=headers)

print(response.status_code)
print(response.text)

访问成功

3.2 状态码判断

以刚才简书为例，不加headers时，错误码是403

import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.jianshu.com/')
exit() if not response.status_code == 403 else print('Request Successfully')

输出：Request Successfully

100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),

Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
      'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),

Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

#### 获取cookie
```python
import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies,'\n')  #列表形式

for key, value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key + '=' + value)  #获取value

<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>

BDORZ=27315