不想看SQL语句演示?请直接看知识点图解,传送门:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_43265673/article/details/98244485
JavaWeb之MySQL(1.1):MySQL数据处理之查询图解
SQL数据库准备
/*
SQLyog Ultimate v11.25 (64 bit)
MySQL - 5.5.28 : Database - myemployees
*********************************************************************
*/
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=''*/;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/`myemployees` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET gb2312 */;
USE `myemployees`;
/*Table structure for table `departments` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `departments`;
CREATE TABLE `departments` (
`department_id` int(4) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`department_name` varchar(3) DEFAULT NULL,
`manager_id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
`location_id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`department_id`),
KEY `loc_id_fk` (`location_id`),
CONSTRAINT `loc_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`location_id`) REFERENCES `locations` (`location_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=271 DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;
/*Data for the table `departments` */
insert into `departments`(`department_id`,`department_name`,`manager_id`,`location_id`) values (10,'Adm',200,1700),(20,'Mar',201,1800),(30,'Pur',114,1700),(40,'Hum',203,2400),(50,'Shi',121,1500),(60,'IT',103,1400),(70,'Pub',204,2700),(80,'Sal',145,2500),(90,'Exe',100,1700),(100,'Fin',108,1700),(110,'Acc',205,1700),(120,'Tre',NULL,1700),(130,'Cor',NULL,1700),(140,'Con',NULL,1700),(150,'Sha',NULL,1700),(160,'Ben',NULL,1700),(170,'Man',NULL,1700),(180,'Con',NULL,1700),(190,'Con',NULL,1700),(200,'Ope',NULL,1700),(210,'IT ',NULL,1700),(220,'NOC',NULL,1700),(230,'IT ',NULL,1700),(240,'Gov',NULL,1700),(250,'Ret',NULL,1700),(260,'Rec',NULL,1700),(270,'Pay',NULL,1700);
/*Table structure for table `employees` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `employees`;
CREATE TABLE `employees` (
`employee_id` int(6) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`first_name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`last_name` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
`email` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
`phone_number` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`job_id` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`salary` double(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
`commission_pct` double(4,2) DEFAULT NULL,
`manager_id` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
`department_id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`employee_id`),
KEY `dept_id_fk` (`department_id`),
KEY `job_id_fk` (`job_id`),
KEY `mgr_fk` (`manager_id`),
CONSTRAINT `mgr_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`manager_id`) REFERENCES `employees` (`employee_id`),
CONSTRAINT `dept_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`department_id`) REFERENCES `departments` (`department_id`),
CONSTRAINT `job_id_fk` FOREIGN KEY (`job_id`) REFERENCES `jobs` (`job_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=207 DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;
/*Data for the table `employees` */
insert into `employees`(`employee_id`,`first_name`,`last_name`,`email`,`phone_number`,`job_id`,`salary`,`commission_pct`,`manager_id`,`department_id`) values (100,'Steven','King','SKING','515.123.4567','AD_PRES',24000.00,NULL,NULL,90),(101,'N_ann','Kochhar','NKOCHHAR','515.123.4568','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90),(102,'Lex','De Haan','LDEHAAN','515.123.4569','AD_VP',17000.00,NULL,100,90),(103,'Alexander','Hunold','AHUNOLD','590.423.4567','IT_PROG',9000.00,NULL,102,60),(104,'Bruce','Ernst','BERNST','590.423.4568','IT_PROG',6000.00,NULL,103,60),(105,'David','Austin','DAUSTIN','590.423.4569','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60),(106,'Valli','Pataballa','VPATABAL','590.423.4560','IT_PROG',4800.00,NULL,103,60),(107,'Diana','Lorentz','DLORENTZ','590.423.5567','IT_PROG',4200.00,NULL,103,60),(108,'Nancy','Greenberg','NGREENBE','515.124.4569','FI_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,100),(109,'Daniel','Faviet','DFAVIET','515.124.4169','FI_ACCOUNT',9000.00,NULL,108,100),(110,'John','Chen','JCHEN','515.124.4269','FI_ACCOUNT',8200.00,NULL,108,100),(111,'Ismael','Sciarra','ISCIARRA','515.124.4369','FI_ACCOUNT',7700.00,NULL,108,100),(112,'Jose Manuel','Urman','JMURMAN','515.124.4469','FI_ACCOUNT',7800.00,NULL,108,100),(113,'Luis','Popp','LPOPP','515.124.4567','FI_ACCOUNT',6900.00,NULL,108,100),(114,'Den','Raphaely','DRAPHEAL','515.127.4561','PU_MAN',11000.00,NULL,100,30),(115,'Alexander','Khoo','AKHOO','515.127.4562','PU_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,114,30),(116,'Shelli','Baida','SBAIDA','515.127.4563','PU_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,114,30),(117,'Sigal','Tobias','STOBIAS','515.127.4564','PU_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,114,30),(118,'Guy','Himuro','GHIMURO','515.127.4565','PU_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,114,30),(119,'Karen','Colmenares','KCOLMENA','515.127.4566','PU_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,114,30),(120,'Matthew','Weiss','MWEISS','650.123.1234','ST_MAN',8000.00,NULL,100,50),(121,'Adam','Fripp','AFRIPP','650.123.2234','ST_MAN',8200.00,NULL,100,50),(122,'Payam','Kaufling','PKAUFLIN','650.123.3234','ST_MAN',7900.00,NULL,100,50),(123,'Shanta','Vollman','SVOLLMAN','650.123.4234','ST_MAN',6500.00,NULL,100,50),(124,'Kevin','Mourgos','KMOURGOS','650.123.5234','ST_MAN',5800.00,NULL,100,50),(125,'Julia','Nayer','JNAYER','650.124.1214','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50),(126,'Irene','Mikkilineni','IMIKKILI','650.124.1224','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,120,50),(127,'James','Landry','JLANDRY','650.124.1334','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,120,50),(128,'Steven','Markle','SMARKLE','650.124.1434','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,120,50),(129,'Laura','Bissot','LBISSOT','650.124.5234','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,121,50),(130,'Mozhe','Atkinson','MATKINSO','650.124.6234','ST_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,121,50),(131,'James','Marlow','JAMRLOW','650.124.7234','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,121,50),(132,'TJ','Olson','TJOLSON','650.124.8234','ST_CLERK',2100.00,NULL,121,50),(133,'Jason','Mallin','JMALLIN','650.127.1934','ST_CLERK',3300.00,NULL,122,50),(134,'Michael','Rogers','MROGERS','650.127.1834','ST_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50),(135,'Ki','Gee','KGEE','650.127.1734','ST_CLERK',2400.00,NULL,122,50),(136,'Hazel','Philtanker','HPHILTAN','650.127.1634','ST_CLERK',2200.00,NULL,122,50),(137,'Renske','Ladwig','RLADWIG','650.121.1234','ST_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,123,50),(138,'Stephen','Stiles','SSTILES','650.121.2034','ST_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50),(139,'John','Seo','JSEO','650.121.2019','ST_CLERK',2700.00,NULL,123,50),(140,'Joshua','Patel','JPATEL','650.121.1834','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,123,50),(141,'Trenna','Rajs','TRAJS','650.121.8009','ST_CLERK',3500.00,NULL,124,50),(142,'Curtis','Davies','CDAVIES','650.121.2994','ST_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50),(143,'Randall','Matos','RMATOS','650.121.2874','ST_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50),(144,'Peter','Vargas','PVARGAS','650.121.2004','ST_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,124,50),(145,'John','Russell','JRUSSEL','011.44.1344.429268','SA_MAN',14000.00,0.40,100,80),(146,'Karen','Partners','KPARTNER','011.44.1344.467268','SA_MAN',13500.00,0.30,100,80),(147,'Alberto','Errazuriz','AERRAZUR','011.44.1344.429278','SA_MAN',12000.00,0.30,100,80),(148,'Gerald','Cambrault','GCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.619268','SA_MAN',11000.00,0.30,100,80),(149,'Eleni','Zlotkey','EZLOTKEY','011.44.1344.429018','SA_MAN',10500.00,0.20,100,80),(150,'Peter','Tucker','PTUCKER','011.44.1344.129268','SA_REP',10000.00,0.30,145,80),(151,'David','Bernstein','DBERNSTE','011.44.1344.345268','SA_REP',9500.00,0.25,145,80),(152,'Peter','Hall','PHALL','011.44.1344.478968','SA_REP',9000.00,0.25,145,80),(153,'Christopher','Olsen','COLSEN','011.44.1344.498718','SA_REP',8000.00,0.20,145,80),(154,'Nanette','Cambrault','NCAMBRAU','011.44.1344.987668','SA_REP',7500.00,0.20,145,80),(155,'Oliver','Tuvault','OTUVAULT','011.44.1344.486508','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,145,80),(156,'Janette','King','JKING','011.44.1345.429268','SA_REP',10000.00,0.35,146,80),(157,'Patrick','Sully','PSULLY','011.44.1345.929268','SA_REP',9500.00,0.35,146,80),(158,'Allan','McEwen','AMCEWEN','011.44.1345.829268','SA_REP',9000.00,0.35,146,80),(159,'Lindsey','Smith','LSMITH','011.44.1345.729268','SA_REP',8000.00,0.30,146,80),(160,'Louise','Doran','LDORAN','011.44.1345.629268','SA_REP',7500.00,0.30,146,80),(161,'Sarath','Sewall','SSEWALL','011.44.1345.529268','SA_REP',7000.00,0.25,146,80),(162,'Clara','Vishney','CVISHNEY','011.44.1346.129268','SA_REP',10500.00,0.25,147,80),(163,'Danielle','Greene','DGREENE','011.44.1346.229268','SA_REP',9500.00,0.15,147,80),(164,'Mattea','Marvins','MMARVINS','011.44.1346.329268','SA_REP',7200.00,0.10,147,80),(165,'David','Lee','DLEE','011.44.1346.529268','SA_REP',6800.00,0.10,147,80),(166,'Sundar','Ande','SANDE','011.44.1346.629268','SA_REP',6400.00,0.10,147,80),(167,'Amit','Banda','ABANDA','011.44.1346.729268','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,147,80),(168,'Lisa','Ozer','LOZER','011.44.1343.929268','SA_REP',11500.00,0.25,148,80),(169,'Harrison','Bloom','HBLOOM','011.44.1343.829268','SA_REP',10000.00,0.20,148,80),(170,'Tayler','Fox','TFOX','011.44.1343.729268','SA_REP',9600.00,0.20,148,80),(171,'William','Smith','WSMITH','011.44.1343.629268','SA_REP',7400.00,0.15,148,80),(172,'Elizabeth','Bates','EBATES','011.44.1343.529268','SA_REP',7300.00,0.15,148,80),(173,'Sundita','Kumar','SKUMAR','011.44.1343.329268','SA_REP',6100.00,0.10,148,80),(174,'Ellen','Abel','EABEL','011.44.1644.429267','SA_REP',11000.00,0.30,149,80),(175,'Alyssa','Hutton','AHUTTON','011.44.1644.429266','SA_REP',8800.00,0.25,149,80),(176,'Jonathon','Taylor','JTAYLOR','011.44.1644.429265','SA_REP',8600.00,0.20,149,80),(177,'Jack','Livingston','JLIVINGS','011.44.1644.429264','SA_REP',8400.00,0.20,149,80),(178,'Kimberely','Grant','KGRANT','011.44.1644.429263','SA_REP',7000.00,0.15,149,NULL),(179,'Charles','Johnson','CJOHNSON','011.44.1644.429262','SA_REP',6200.00,0.10,149,80),(180,'Winston','Taylor','WTAYLOR','650.507.9876','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,120,50),(181,'Jean','Fleaur','JFLEAUR','650.507.9877','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,120,50),(182,'Martha','Sullivan','MSULLIVA','650.507.9878','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,120,50),(183,'Girard','Geoni','GGEONI','650.507.9879','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,120,50),(184,'Nandita','Sarchand','NSARCHAN','650.509.1876','SH_CLERK',4200.00,NULL,121,50),(185,'Alexis','Bull','ABULL','650.509.2876','SH_CLERK',4100.00,NULL,121,50),(186,'Julia','Dellinger','JDELLING','650.509.3876','SH_CLERK',3400.00,NULL,121,50),(187,'Anthony','Cabrio','ACABRIO','650.509.4876','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,121,50),(188,'Kelly','Chung','KCHUNG','650.505.1876','SH_CLERK',3800.00,NULL,122,50),(189,'Jennifer','Dilly','JDILLY','650.505.2876','SH_CLERK',3600.00,NULL,122,50),(190,'Timothy','Gates','TGATES','650.505.3876','SH_CLERK',2900.00,NULL,122,50),(191,'Randall','Perkins','RPERKINS','650.505.4876','SH_CLERK',2500.00,NULL,122,50),(192,'Sarah','Bell','SBELL','650.501.1876','SH_CLERK',4000.00,NULL,123,50),(193,'Britney','Everett','BEVERETT','650.501.2876','SH_CLERK',3900.00,NULL,123,50),(194,'Samuel','McCain','SMCCAIN','650.501.3876','SH_CLERK',3200.00,NULL,123,50),(195,'Vance','Jones','VJONES','650.501.4876','SH_CLERK',2800.00,NULL,123,50),(196,'Alana','Walsh','AWALSH','650.507.9811','SH_CLERK',3100.00,NULL,124,50),(197,'Kevin','Feeney','KFEENEY','650.507.9822','SH_CLERK',3000.00,NULL,124,50),(198,'Donald','OConnell','DOCONNEL','650.507.9833','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50),(199,'Douglas','Grant','DGRANT','650.507.9844','SH_CLERK',2600.00,NULL,124,50),(200,'Jennifer','Whalen','JWHALEN','515.123.4444','AD_ASST',4400.00,NULL,101,10),(201,'Michael','Hartstein','MHARTSTE','515.123.5555','MK_MAN',13000.00,NULL,100,20),(202,'Pat','Fay','PFAY','603.123.6666','MK_REP',6000.00,NULL,201,20),(203,'Susan','Mavris','SMAVRIS','515.123.7777','HR_REP',6500.00,NULL,101,40),(204,'Hermann','Baer','HBAER','515.123.8888','PR_REP',10000.00,NULL,101,70),(205,'Shelley','Higgins','SHIGGINS','515.123.8080','AC_MGR',12000.00,NULL,101,110),(206,'William','Gietz','WGIETZ','515.123.8181','AC_ACCOUNT',8300.00,NULL,205,110);
/*Table structure for table `job_grades` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `job_grades`;
CREATE TABLE `job_grades` (
`GRADE` varchar(1) DEFAULT NULL,
`LOWEST_SAL` int(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`HIGHEST_SAL` int(10) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;
/*Data for the table `job_grades` */
insert into `job_grades`(`GRADE`,`LOWEST_SAL`,`HIGHEST_SAL`) values ('a',1000,2999),('b',3000,5999),('c',6000,9999),('d',10000,14999),('e',15000,24999),('f',25000,40000);
/*Table structure for table `jobs` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `jobs`;
CREATE TABLE `jobs` (
`job_id` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`job_title` varchar(35) DEFAULT NULL,
`min_salary` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
`max_salary` int(6) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`job_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;
/*Data for the table `jobs` */
insert into `jobs`(`job_id`,`job_title`,`min_salary`,`max_salary`) values ('AC_ACCOUNT','Public Accountant',4200,9000),('AC_MGR','Accounting Manager',8200,16000),('AD_ASST','Administration Assistant',3000,6000),('AD_PRES','President',20000,40000),('AD_VP','Administration Vice President',15000,30000),('FI_ACCOUNT','Accountant',4200,9000),('FI_MGR','Finance Manager',8200,16000),('HR_REP','Human Resources Representative',4000,9000),('IT_PROG','Programmer',4000,10000),('MK_MAN','Marketing Manager',9000,15000),('MK_REP','Marketing Representative',4000,9000),('PR_REP','Public Relations Representative',4500,10500),('PU_CLERK','Purchasing Clerk',2500,5500),('PU_MAN','Purchasing Manager',8000,15000),('SA_MAN','Sales Manager',10000,20000),('SA_REP','Sales Representative',6000,12000),('SH_CLERK','Shipping Clerk',2500,5500),('ST_CLERK','Stock Clerk',2000,5000),('ST_MAN','Stock Manager',5500,8500);
/*Table structure for table `locations` */
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `locations`;
CREATE TABLE `locations` (
`location_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`street_address` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`postal_code` varchar(12) DEFAULT NULL,
`city` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
`state_province` varchar(25) DEFAULT NULL,
`country_id` varchar(2) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`location_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3201 DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312;
/*Data for the table `locations` */
insert into `locations`(`location_id`,`street_address`,`postal_code`,`city`,`state_province`,`country_id`) values (1000,'1297 Via Cola di Rie','00989','Roma',NULL,'IT'),(1100,'93091 Calle della Testa','10934','Venice',NULL,'IT'),(1200,'2017 Shinjuku-ku','1689','Tokyo','Tokyo Prefecture','JP'),(1300,'9450 Kamiya-cho','6823','Hiroshima',NULL,'JP'),(1400,'2014 Jabberwocky Rd','26192','Southlake','Texas','US'),(1500,'2011 Interiors Blvd','99236','South San Francisco','California','US'),(1600,'2007 Zagora St','50090','South Brunswick','New Jersey','US'),(1700,'2004 Charade Rd','98199','Seattle','Washington','US'),(1800,'147 Spadina Ave','M5V 2L7','Toronto','Ontario','CA'),(1900,'6092 Boxwood St','YSW 9T2','Whitehorse','Yukon','CA'),(2000,'40-5-12 Laogianggen','190518','Beijing',NULL,'CN'),(2100,'1298 Vileparle (E)','490231','Bombay','Maharashtra','IN'),(2200,'12-98 Victoria Street','2901','Sydney','New South Wales','AU'),(2300,'198 Clementi North','540198','Singapore',NULL,'SG'),(2400,'8204 Arthur St',NULL,'London',NULL,'UK'),(2500,'Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park','OX9 9ZB','Oxford','Oxford','UK'),(2600,'9702 Chester Road','09629850293','Stretford','Manchester','UK'),(2700,'Schwanthalerstr. 7031','80925','Munich','Bavaria','DE'),(2800,'Rua Frei Caneca 1360 ','01307-002','Sao Paulo','Sao Paulo','BR'),(2900,'20 Rue des Corps-Saints','1730','Geneva','Geneve','CH'),(3000,'Murtenstrasse 921','3095','Bern','BE','CH'),(3100,'Pieter Breughelstraat 837','3029SK','Utrecht','Utrecht','NL'),(3200,'Mariano Escobedo 9991','11932','Mexico City','Distrito Federal,','MX');
/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40014 SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS */;
/*!40014 SET UNIQUE_CHECKS=@OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;
复制以上sql执行即可(过程略,不会的自行摸索)。
SQL(Structural query language)语句分为以下三种类型:
DML: (数据操纵语言) : INSERT / DELETE / UPDATE / SELECT
DDL: (数据定义语言): CREATE / ALTER / DROP / TRUNCATE / RENAME
DCL: (数据控制语言): COMMIT / ROLLBACK / GRANT / REVOKE / SAVEPOINT
基本的SELECT语句
SELECT employee_id,last_name,email
FROM employees;
SELECT department_id,department_name
FROM departments;
查询表中的所有的列
SELECT * # * :表示所有的列
FROM EMPLOYEES;
SELECT * FROM departments;
SELECT *
FROM locations;
关于列的别名:三种方式
#别名可以使用一对""引起来
SELECT employee_id emp_id, last_name AS NAME, salary "monthly salary" , email "邮箱"# as : alias:别名
FROM employees;
注意:如果涉及到日期类型 或 字符类型 的话,需要使用一对’’。
#显示表结构
DESC employees;
DESCRIBE employees;#效果相同
过滤和排序数据
#返回在90号部门工作的所有员工的信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
#where 过滤条件; where 需要声明在from的后面
WHERE department_id = 90;
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
#WHERE salary = 6000;
WHERE salary != 6000;
between … and … (包含边界)
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 6000 AND 8000;
#where salary >= 6000 and salary <= 8000;
#查询不到数据
#where salary between 8000 and 6000;
in (…,…,…)
SELECT last_name,department_id
FROM employees
#where department_id in (50,60,70);
WHERE department_id = 50 OR department_id = 60 OR department_id = 70;
like … 模糊查询
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Austin’;#精确查询; 字符型需要使用一对’'括起来
查询姓名中包含字符a的员工信息
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘%a%’; # %:表示0个,1个或多个字符
查询姓名中最后一个字符是a的员工信息
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘%a’;
查询姓名中第三个字符是a的员工信息
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘__a%’; # _ :表示为一个字符
查询姓名中第二个字符是_,第三个字符是a的员工信息
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘__a%’ ; # 默认转义字符是:\
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘_
a
_a%' ESCAPE '
a’;# 此时 $ 也是转义字符
is null:为空值的数据
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
凡是空值参与的运算,结果也为空。 String name = null; name = “”;
#空值,不同于0,也不同与’’
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct,salary * (1 + commission_pct) * 12 “annual salary”
FROM employees;
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct,salary * (1 + IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) * 12 “annual salary”
FROM employees;
逻辑运算符: and / or / not
#排序数据 (order by … )
查询公司员工的工资,从高到低排序
#asc(ascend):升序
#desc(descend):降序
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC;
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary
FROM employees
#order by salary asc;
ORDER BY salary; # 默认按照升序排列
二级排序:查询公司员工的信息,按照部门从小到大排列,按照姓名从大到小排序
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_id
FROM employees
ORDER BY department_id ,last_name DESC;
可以按照列的别名实现排序
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary sal
FROM employees
ORDER BY sal;
如果出现过滤条件(where)和排序(order by)的话,排序写在后面
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_id,salary sal
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (50,60,70,80)
ORDER BY sal;
#不能使用列的别名实现过滤
SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary sal
FROM employees
WHERE sal = 6000;
#报错信息
#练习中涉及的问题
查询公司中员工的job_id都有哪些
SELECT DISTINCT job_id
FROM employees;
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM employees;
#选择工资不在5000到12000的员工的姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
#where salary < 5000 or salary > 12000;
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 5000 AND 12000;
#选择公司中没有管理者的员工姓名及job_id
SELECT last_name,job_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
#选择姓名中有字母a和e的员工姓名
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
#where last_name like ‘%a%e%’ or last_name like ‘%e%a%’;
WHERE last_name LIKE ‘%a%’ AND last_name LIKE ‘%e%’;
多表查询
#查询员工的id,姓名和部门名称(下面是错误的)
#出现了笛卡尔集的错误:如果多表查询中,没有多表的连接条件,或多表的连接条件失效。
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees,departments; # 2889
SELECT *
FROM departments;
SELECT 107 * 27
FROM DUAL;
#查询员工的id,姓名和部门名称
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name
FROM employees,departments
#多表的连接条件
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 147;
SELECT *
FROM departments;
#查询员工的id,姓名,部门id和部门名称
#如果查询的列,同时存在于两个不同的表中,则必须指明此列所属的表
#sql优化:我们查询的字段显式的都指明其所有的表。是较不指明效率高的。
SELECT employees.employee_id,employees.last_name,departments.department_name,departments.department_id
FROM employees,departments
#多表的连接条件
WHERE employees.department_id = departments.department_id;
#关于表的别名
SELECT e.employee_id,e.last_name,d.department_name,d.department_id
FROM employees e,departments d
#多表的连接条件
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id;
#类似:查询员工的employee_id,last_name,job_title
SELECT e.employee_id,e.last_name,j.job_title,e.job_id
FROM employees e, jobs j
WHERE e.job_id
= j.job_id
;
#查询员工的employee_id,last_name,department_name,city
总结:如果查询中涉及到n个表,则至少有 n - 1 个连接条件
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name,city,d.location_id
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.department_id
= d.department_id
AND d.location_id
= l.location_id
;
总结:
#等值连接 vs 非等值连接
#自连接 vs 非自连接
#内连接 vs 外连接
非等值连接:
查询员工的姓名,工资,和工资的等级
SELECT last_name,salary,grade
FROM employees e,job_grades j
WHERE e.salary BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal;
自连接:
#查询员工的employee_id,last_name和其管理者的employee_id,last_name
SELECT emp.employee_id,emp.last_name,mgr.employee_id,mgr.last_name
FROM employees emp,employees mgr
WHERE emp.manager_id
= mgr.employee_id
;
#内连接: 只能查询出两个表中匹配的行。
SELECT last_name,e.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.department_id
= d.department_id
;
#左外连接:除了查询出两个表中匹配的行之外,还可以返回左表中不满足条件的行
#右外连接:除了查询出两个表中匹配的行之外,还可以返回右表中不满足条件的行
#满外连接:除了查询出两个表中匹配的行之外,还可以返回左表和右表中不满足条件的行
查询所有员工的last_name,department_id,department_name
SELECT last_name,e.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.department_id
= d.department_id
(+); #左外连接:只适用于oracle
sql 99 语法,如何实现多表查询的
#之前方式写的内连接:
SELECT last_name,e.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.department_id
= d.department_id
;
sql 99语法实现:
SELECT last_name,e.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id
= d.department_id
;
#查询员工的employee_id,last_name,department_name,city
SELECT employee_id,last_name,department_name,city
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id
= d.department_id
JOIN locations l
ON d.location_id
= l.location_id
;
#join … on … # join … on …
使用sql 99 语法实现外连接:
#查询所有员工的last_name,department_id,department_name
SELECT last_name,e.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id
= d.department_id
;
右外连接
SELECT last_name,e.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e RIGHT JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id
= d.department_id
;
满外连接:适用于oracle,不适用于mysql
SELECT last_name,e.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e FULL JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id
= d.department_id
;
课后练习:
#等值 vs 非等值
#自连接 vs 非自连接
#内连接 vs 外连接 (sql 99)
SELECT ...,...,...
FROM 表1,表2,...
WHERE 多表的连接条件1 AND 多表的连接条件2 AND ....
AND 过滤条件
ORDER BY ... ASC / DESC,... ASC/DESC,...;
或
SELECT ..,..,...
FROM 表1 JOIN 表2
ON 多表的连接条件1
JOIN 表3
ON 多表的连接条件2
JOIN ...
ON ...
WHERE 过滤条件1 AND 过滤条件2 AND ....
ORDER BY ... ASC / DESC,... ASC/DESC,...;
1.显示所有员工的姓名,部门号和部门名称。
SELECT last_name, d.department_id, department_name
FROM employees e
LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id
= d.department_id
;
2.选择所有有奖金的员工的 last_name , department_name , location_id , city
SELECT e.last_name , d.department_name , l.location_id , l.city
FROM employees e LEFT JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id
= d.department_id
LEFT JOIN locations l
ON d.location_id
= l.location_id
WHERE e.commission_pct
IS NOT NULL;
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
4.选择city在Toronto工作的员工的 last_name , job_id , department_id , department_name
SELECT last_name , job_id , e.department_id , department_name
FROM employees e, departments d, locations l
WHERE e.department_id
= d.department_id
AND d.location_id
= l.location_id
AND city = ‘Toronto’;
5.选择指定员工的姓名,员工号,以及他的管理者的姓名和员工号,结果类似于下面的格式
employees Emp# manager Mgr#
kochhar 101 king 100
SELECT emp.last_name employees, emp.employee_id "Emp#", mgr.last_name manager, mgr.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees emp
LEFT JOIN employees mgr
ON emp.manager_id = mgr.employee_id;
单行函数
字符类型的函数
SELECT LOWER(‘ab c DEF’),UPPER(‘abc D EF’)
FROM DUAL;
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE LOWER(last_name) = ‘king’;
xxx worked for yyy
SELECT CONCAT(emp.last_name,’ worked for ‘,mgr.last_name) “details”
FROM employees emp,employees mgr
WHERE emp.manager_id
= mgr.employee_id
;
#在sql中涉及索引的话,从1开始。—> JDBC(涉及索引的话,从1开始的)
SELECT SUBSTR(‘helloworld’,2,5)
FROM DUAL;
SELECT INSTR(‘helloworld’, ‘k’) #返回指定字符首次出现的位置.若没有,返回0
FROM DUAL;
SELECT RPAD(last_name,15,’ ‘)
FROM employees;
SELECT LPAD(salary,10,’ ‘)
FROM employees;
SELECT TRIM(’ ’ FROM ’ hhhellohw orldhh ')
FROM DUAL;
SELECT REPLACE(‘hello’,‘l’,‘m’)
FROM DUAL;
数值类型的函数
#round:四舍五入
SELECT ROUND(123.456),ROUND(123.456,0),ROUND(123.456,2),ROUND(155.456,-2)
FROM DUAL;
truncate:截断
SELECT TRUNCATE(123.556,0),TRUNCATE(123.999,2),TRUNCATE(154.23,-2)
FROM DUAL;
结果的符号与被模数一致
SELECT MOD(12,5),MOD(12,-5),MOD(-12,5),MOD(-12,-5)
FROM DUAL;
日期型的函数
SELECT NOW()
FROM DUAL;
通用型的函数
SELECT last_name,salary,12 * salary * (1 + IFNULL(commission_pct,0))
FROM employees;
条件表达式: case … when … then … when … then … else … end
#练习:查询所有部门的员工信息,
#若部门号为 10, 则打印其工资的 1.1 倍,
#20 号部门, 则打印其工资的 1.2 倍,
#30 号部门打印其工资的 1.3 倍数,
#其他部门,打印其工资的1.4倍
SELECT last_name,department_id,salary,CASE department_id WHEN 10 THEN salary * 1.1
WHEN 20 THEN salary * 1.2
WHEN 30 THEN salary * 1.3
ELSE salary * 1.4 END "new salary"
FROM employees;
#练习:查询部门号为 10, 20, 30 的员工信息,
#若部门号为 10, 则打印其工资的 1.1 倍,
#20 号部门, 则打印其工资的 1.2 倍,
#30 号部门打印其工资的 1.3 倍数
SELECT last_name,department_id,salary,CASE department_id WHEN 10 THEN salary * 1.1
WHEN 20 THEN salary * 1.2
WHEN 30 THEN salary * 1.3
END "new salary"
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30);
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary,
CASE job_id WHEN ‘IT_PROG’ THEN 1.10salary
WHEN ‘ST_CLERK’ THEN 1.15salary
WHEN ‘SA_REP’ THEN 1.20*salary
ELSE salary END “REVISED_SALARY”
FROM employees;
#课后练习
5. 使用case-when,按照下面的条件:
– job grade
– AD_PRES A
– ST_MAN B
– IT_PROG C
– SA_REP D
– ST_CLERK E
– 产生下面的结果
– Last_name Job_id Grade
– king AD_PRES A
SELECT last_name Last_name, job_id Job_id, CASE job_id WHEN 'AD_PRES' THEN 'A'
WHEN 'ST_MAN' THEN 'B'
WHEN 'IT_PROG' THEN 'C'
WHEN 'SA_REP' THEN 'D'
WHEN 'ST_CLERK' THEN 'E'
ELSE 'F'
END "Grade"
FROM employees;
分组函数
常见的数据类型:数值型;字符型;日期型
#avg() / sum() : 只适用于数值型的变量。不适用于字符型 和日期型
SELECT AVG(salary),SUM(salary)
FROM employees;
oracle:报错。 mysql:不报错,结果是0
SELECT AVG(last_name) #,avg(hire_date)
FROM employees;
max() / min(): 适用于数值型;字符型;日期型的变量
SELECT MAX(salary),MIN(salary),MAX(last_name),MIN(last_name)
FROM employees;
count():求所对应列中非空数值的个数。适用于数值型;字符型;日期型的变量
SELECT COUNT(employee_id),COUNT(last_name),COUNT(commission_pct)
FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(salary),COUNT(1),COUNT(2)
FROM employees;
SELECT commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
SELECT COUNT(*),COUNT(NULL)
FROM employees;
#思考题?
SELECT AVG(salary),SUM(salary) / COUNT(salary)
FROM employees;
结论: avg = sum / count
SELECT AVG(commission_pct),SUM(commission_pct) / COUNT(commission_pct),
SUM(commission_pct)/ 107,SUM(commission_pct) / COUNT(IFNULL(commission_pct,0))
FROM employees;
group by的使用
#求出EMPLOYEES表中各部门的平均工资
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
SELECT job_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
错误的写法。(oracle:报错! mysql:没报错,但结果不错)
SELECT job_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees;
#查询不同部门,不同job_id的员工的平均工资
#结论:如果select中出现了组函数的列和非组函数的列,那么一定要使用非组函数的列进行分组。
#即:非组函数的列一定要声明在group by中。
SELECT department_id,job_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id,job_id;
#反之,出现在group by中的列不一定非要声明在select中
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id,job_id;
SELECT job_id,department_id,AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id,department_id;
#having的使用
#部门最高工资比 10000 高的部门
#错误的写法
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#如果过滤条件中出现了组函数,则必须使用having 替换 where
WHERE MAX(salary) > 10000
GROUP BY department_id;
#正确的写法
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#1.如果过滤条件中出现了组函数,则必须使用having 替换 where
#2.mysql中要求having声明在group by后面,而oracle中没有此要求。
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000;
#从10,20,30,40部门中,查找部门最高工资比 10000 高的部门
#方式一:
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000
AND department_id IN (10,20,30,40);
或
方式二:
#总结:方式二从sql优化的角度来说,要优于方式一。
#having 过滤是在进行完全表检索以后,实现的过滤。
#结论:包含非组函数的过滤条件要声明在where中,包含组函数的过滤条件声明在having中
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30,40)
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000;
#课后练习:7.查询所有部门的名字,location_id,员工数量和工资平均值
SELECT department_name,location_id,COUNT(employee_id),AVG(salary)
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id
= d.department_id
GROUP BY department_name,location_id
不想看SQL语句演示?请看知识点图解,传送门:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_43265673/article/details/98244485
JavaWeb之MySQL(1.1):MySQL数据处理之查询图解