六、函数进阶与按键

一、单片机最小系统解析

1、电源

常用的单片机电源系统有5V和3.3V,但是这只是一个范围,并不是绝对的,超过这个范围,单片机就会烧坏,低于这个范围,单片机就无法正常工作。

2、晶振

晶振分有源晶振和无源晶振,有源晶振更加准确。

3、复位

复位时间:t = 1.2RC

二、函数调用

在这里插入图片描述在这里插入图片描述

三、独立按键原理

在这里插入图片描述
要想能够正确读取外部按键,内部输出必须是高电平,取反后为低电平,NPN型三极管不导通,当按键为按下时,内部输入为高电平,当按键按下时,内部输入为低电平。
在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述
由图可知,4*4矩阵共有四输入,四输出
输出:P2.3, P2.2, P2.1, P2.0
输入:P2.4, P2.5, P2.6, P2.7

#include<reg52.h>

sbit ADDR0 = P1^0;
sbit ADDR1 = P1^1;
sbit ADDR2 = P1^2;
sbit ADDR3 = P1^3;
sbit ENLED = P1^4;

sbit LED9 = P0^7;
sbit LED8 = P0^6;
sbit LED7 = P0^5;
sbit LED6 = P0^4;

sbit KEY4 = P2^7; 	 //KeyIn4

unsigned char code LedChar[]={
	0xC0, 0xF9, 0xA4, 0xB0, 0x99, 0x92, 0x82, 0xF8,
	0x80, 0x90, 0x88, 0x83, 0xC6, 0xA1, 0x86, 0x8E
	};

void main()
{
	bit backup = 1; //只有0和1两种值
	unsigned char cnt = 0;

	ENLED = 0;
	ADDR3 = 1;
	ADDR2 = 0;
	ADDR1 = 0;
	ADDR0 = 0;
	P2 = 0xF7;	   //高四位为输入,初始值为高电位,如果为地点为则无法检测。低四位为输出,有点阵原理图可知,设低点平的那一行可以检测

	P0 = LedChar[cnt];
	while(1)
	{
		 if(KEY4 != backup) //检测到有按键按下
		 {
		 	if(backup == 0)
			{
				cnt++;
				if(cnt >= 10)
				{
					cnt = 0;
				}
				P0 = LedChar[cnt];
			}
			backup = KEY4;

		 }
	}

}

backup变化过程:1>>0>>1

四、按键消抖

在这里插入图片描述

方法一:延迟检测

#include<reg52.h>

sbit ADDR0 = P1^0;
sbit ADDR1 = P1^1;
sbit ADDR2 = P1^2;
sbit ADDR3 = P1^3;
sbit ENLED = P1^4;

sbit KEY4 = P2^7;

unsigned char code LedChar[]={
	0xC0, 0xF9, 0xA4, 0xB0, 0x99, 0x92, 0x82, 0xF8,
	0x80, 0x90, 0x88, 0x83, 0xC6, 0xA1, 0x86, 0x8E
	};


void delay();
void main()
{
	bit backup = 1;
	bit keybuf = 1;
	unsigned char cnt = 0;

	ENLED = 0;
	ADDR3 = 1;
	ADDR2 = 0;
	ADDR1 = 0;
	ADDR0 = 0;
	P2 = 0xF7;
	P0 = LedChar[cnt];

	while(1)
	{
		keybuf = KEY4;
		if(keybuf != backup)
		{
			delay();
			if(keybuf == KEY4)
			{
				if(backup == 0)
				{
					cnt++;
					if(cnt >= 10)
					{
						cnt = 0;
					}
					P0 = LedChar[cnt];
				}
				backup = KEY4;
			}
		}
	}	
}

void delay()
{
	unsigned int i = 1000;
	
	while(i--);
}

方法二:使用中断

#include<reg52.h>

sbit ADDR0 = P1^0;
sbit ADDR1 = P1^1;
sbit ADDR2 = P1^2;
sbit ADDR3 = P1^3;
sbit ENLED = P1^4;

sbit LED9 = P0^7;
sbit LED8 = P0^6;
sbit LED7 = P0^5;
sbit LED6 = P0^4;

sbit KEY4 = P2^7; 	 //KeyIn4

unsigned char code LedChar[]={
	0xC0, 0xF9, 0xA4, 0xB0, 0x99, 0x92, 0x82, 0xF8,
	0x80, 0x90, 0x88, 0x83, 0xC6, 0xA1, 0x86, 0x8E
	};

bit KeySta  = 1;

void main()
{
	bit backup = 1;
	unsigned char cnt = 0;

	EA = 1;//中断使能
	ENLED = 0;
	ADDR3 = 1;
	ADDR2 = 0;
	ADDR1 = 0;
	ADDR0 = 0;
	TMOD = 0x01;
	TH0 = 0xF8;
	TL0 = 0xCD;
	ET0 = 1;//中断使能
	TR0 = 1;//时钟中断使能
	P2 = 0xF7;
	P0 = LedChar[cnt];

	while(1)
	{
		if(KeySta != backup)
		{
			if(backup == 0)
			{
				cnt++;
				if(cnt >= 10)
				{
					cnt == 0;
				}
				P0 = LedChar[cnt];

			}
			backup = KeySta;
		}	
	}
}

void InterruptTimer() interrupt 1
{
	static unsigned char keybuf = 0xFF;

	TH0 = 0xF8;
	TL0 = 0xCD;

	keybuf = (keybuf << 1) | KEY4;
	if(keybuf == 0x00)	 //按下去时满足要求
	{
		KeySta = 0;
	}
	else if(keybuf == 0xFF)
	{
		KeySta = 1;
	}
	else
	{
	}
}

五、实例

加法器

#include<reg52.h>

sbit ADDR0 = P1^0;
sbit ADDR1 = P1^1;
sbit ADDR2 = P1^2;
sbit ADDR3 = P1^3;
sbit ENLED = P1^4;

sbit KEY_IN_1 = P2^4;
sbit KEY_IN_2 = P2^5;
sbit KEY_IN_3 = P2^6;
sbit KEY_IN_4 = P2^7;
sbit KEY_OUT_1 = P2^3;
sbit KEY_OUT_2 = P2^2;
sbit KEY_OUT_3 = P2^1;
sbit KEY_OUT_4 = P2^0;

unsigned char code LedChar[]={
	0xC0, 0xF9, 0xA4, 0xB0, 0x99, 0x92, 0x82, 0xF8,
	0x80, 0x90, 0x88, 0x83, 0xC6, 0xA1, 0x86, 0x8E
	};
unsigned char KeySta[4][4] = { 
	{1,1,1,1},{1,1,1,1},{1,1,1,1},{1,1,1,1}
	};
unsigned char LedBuff[6] = {
	0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF
	};
unsigned char code KeyCodeMap[4][4] = { //矩阵按键编号到标准键盘键码的映射表
    { 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x26 }, //数字键1、数字键2、数字键3、向上键
    { 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x25 }, //数字键4、数字键5、数字键6、向左键
    { 0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x28 }, //数字键7、数字键8、数字键9、向下键
    { 0x30, 0x1B, 0x0D, 0x27 }  //数字键0、ESC键、  回车键、 向右键
	};
void  KeyDriver();
void main()
{
    EA = 1;       //使能总中断
    ENLED = 0;    //选择数码管进行显示
    ADDR3 = 1;
    TMOD = 0x01;  //设置T0为模式1
    TH0  = 0xFC;  //为T0赋初值0xFC67,定时1ms
    TL0  = 0x67;
    ET0  = 1;     //使能T0中断
    TR0  = 1;     //启动T0
    LedBuff[0] = LedChar[0];  //上电显示0
	
    while (1)
    {
        KeyDriver();   //调用按键驱动函数
    }
}

void ShowNumber(unsigned long num)
{
	signed char i;
	unsigned char buf[6];

	for(i=0; i<6; i++)
	{
		buf[i] = num % 10;
		num = num / 10;
	}

	for(i=5; i>=1; i--)
	{
		if(buf[i] == 0)
		{
			LedBuff[i] = 0xFF;
		}
		else
			break;
	}
	
	for(; i>=0; i--)
	{
		LedBuff[i] = LedChar[buf[i]];	
	}

}
void KeyAction(unsigned char keycode)
{
	static unsigned long result = 0;
	static unsigned long addend = 0;
	
	if((keycode >= 0x30) &&(keycode <= 0x39))
	{
		addend = (addend *10) + (keycode - 0x30);   
		ShowNumber(addend); 
	}
	
	else if(keycode == 0x26)
	{
		result += addend;
		addend = 0;
		ShowNumber(result);
	}
	else if(keycode == 0x0D)
	{
		result += addend;
		addend = 0;
		ShowNumber(result);
	}
	else if(keycode == 0x1B)
	{
		addend = 0;
		result = 0;
		ShowNumber(addend); 	
	}	
	 
}
void  KeyDriver()
{
	unsigned char i, j;
	static	unsigned char backup [4][4] = {
	{1,1,1,1},{1,1,1,1},{1,1,1,1},{1,1,1,1}
	};

	for(i=0; i<4; i++)
		{
			for(j=0; j<4; j++)
			{
				if(backup[i][j] != KeySta[i][j])
				{
					if(backup[i][j] == 0)
					{
						KeyAction(KeyCodeMap[i][j]);
					}
					backup[i][j] = KeySta[i][j];
				}
			}	
		}

	
}

/* 按键扫描函数,需在定时中断中调用,推荐调用间隔1ms */
void KeyScan()
{
    unsigned char i;
    static unsigned char keyout = 0;   //矩阵按键扫描输出索引
    static unsigned char keybuf[4][4] = {  //矩阵按键扫描缓冲区
        {0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF},  {0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF},
        {0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF},  {0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF}
    };

    //将一行的4个按键值移入缓冲区
    keybuf[keyout][0] = (keybuf[keyout][0] << 1) | KEY_IN_1;
    keybuf[keyout][1] = (keybuf[keyout][1] << 1) | KEY_IN_2;
    keybuf[keyout][2] = (keybuf[keyout][2] << 1) | KEY_IN_3;
    keybuf[keyout][3] = (keybuf[keyout][3] << 1) | KEY_IN_4;
    //消抖后更新按键状态
    for (i=0; i<4; i++)  //每行4个按键,所以循环4次
    {
        if ((keybuf[keyout][i] & 0x0F) == 0x00)
        {   //连续4次扫描值为0,即4*4ms内都是按下状态时,可认为按键已稳定的按下
            KeySta[keyout][i] = 0;
        }
        else if ((keybuf[keyout][i] & 0x0F) == 0x0F)
        {   //连续4次扫描值为1,即4*4ms内都是弹起状态时,可认为按键已稳定的弹起
            KeySta[keyout][i] = 1;
        }
    }
    //执行下一次的扫描输出
    keyout++;                //输出索引递增
    keyout = keyout & 0x03;  //索引值加到4即归零
    switch (keyout)          //根据索引,释放当前输出引脚,拉低下次的输出引脚
    {
        case 0: KEY_OUT_4 = 1; KEY_OUT_1 = 0; break;
        case 1: KEY_OUT_1 = 1; KEY_OUT_2 = 0; break;
        case 2: KEY_OUT_2 = 1; KEY_OUT_3 = 0; break;
        case 3: KEY_OUT_3 = 1; KEY_OUT_4 = 0; break;
        default: break;
    }
}
/* 数码管动态扫描刷新函数,需在定时中断中调用 */
void LedScan()
{
    static unsigned char i = 0;  //动态扫描的索引
    
    P0 = 0xFF;   //显示消隐
    switch (i)
    {
        case 0: ADDR2=0; ADDR1=0; ADDR0=0; i++; P0=LedBuff[0]; break;
        case 1: ADDR2=0; ADDR1=0; ADDR0=1; i++; P0=LedBuff[1]; break;
        case 2: ADDR2=0; ADDR1=1; ADDR0=0; i++; P0=LedBuff[2]; break;
        case 3: ADDR2=0; ADDR1=1; ADDR0=1; i++; P0=LedBuff[3]; break;
        case 4: ADDR2=1; ADDR1=0; ADDR0=0; i++; P0=LedBuff[4]; break;
        case 5: ADDR2=1; ADDR1=0; ADDR0=1; i=0; P0=LedBuff[5]; break;
        default: break;
    }
}

/* T0中断服务函数,用于数码管显示扫描与按键扫描 */
void InterruptTimer0() interrupt 1
{
	TH0 = 0xFC;
	TL0 = 0x67;
	LedScan();
	KeyScan();
}
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