django教程四

写一个简单的表单
编辑polls/detail.html文件如下：

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
 
{% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}
 
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}">
    <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br>
{% endfor %}
<input type="submit" value="Vote">
</form>

这样每个问题选项的前面将显示一个单选按钮。

编辑polls/views.py文件如下：

from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.urls import reverse
 
from .models import Choice, Question
# ...
def vote(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    try:
        selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
    except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
        # Redisplay the question voting form.
        return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
            'question': question,
            'error_message': "You didn't select a choice.",
        })
    else:
        selected_choice.votes += 1
        selected_choice.save()
        # Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
        # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
        # user hits the Back button.
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,)))

处理完POST请求后应该返回一个Redirect，这是一个好的Web开发实践。

vote后跳转到了results视图，编辑polls/views.py文件，修改results方法的实现：

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
 
 
def results(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})
创建polls/results.html模板如下：

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
 
<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>
 
<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>

使用通用视图来精简代码
detail()、results()、index()三个视图都是先根据URL中的参数从数据库中读取数据，然后加载模板，最后返回渲染后的模板。Django提供了通用视图来处理这种普遍情况。

修改URLconf
修改polls/urls.py文件如下：

from django.urls import path
 
from . import views
 
app_name = 'polls'
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
    path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
    path('<int:pk>/results/', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'),
    path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
]

修改视图
修改polls/views.py文件如下：

from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.urls import reverse
from django.views import generic
 
from .models import Choice, Question
 
 
class IndexView(generic.ListView):
    template_name = 'polls/index.html'
    context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'
 
    def get_queryset(self):
        """Return the last five published questions."""
        return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
 
 
class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/detail.html'
 
 
class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/results.html'
 
 
def vote(request, question_id):
    ... # same as above, no changes needed.

此处用到了两个通用视图ListView和DetailView，ListView用于显示一系列对象，DetailView用于显示某个对象的详情。DetailView需要从URL中获取“pk”作为查询参数。

！