Python入门学习笔记_3

独立程序

"""report.py"""
#from random import choice  #method_1
import random   #method_2
def get_description():
    'Return random weather, just like the pros'
    possibilities = ['rain', 'sleet', 'fog', 'sun', 'who knows']
    #return choice(possibilities)   #method_1
    return random.choice(possibilities) #method_2
    

使用别名导入模块或模块的一部分

"""weatherman.py"""
#import report as wr    #method_1
from report import get_description as do_it #method_2


#description = wr.get_description()  #method_1
description = do_it()
print("Today's weather:", description)
#print('\n', wr.get_description.__doc__)    #method_1
print('\n',  do_it.__doc__)     #method_2

import sys
for place in sys.path:
    print(place)

Today's weather: sun

 Return random weather, just like the pros

E:\PC Soft\Anaconda3\python36.zip
E:\PC Soft\Anaconda3\DLLs
E:\PC Soft\Anaconda3\lib
E:\PC Soft\Anaconda3
E:\PC Soft\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages
E:\PC Soft\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\win32
E:\PC Soft\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\win32\lib
E:\PC Soft\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\Pythonwin
E:\PC Soft\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\IPython\extensions
C:\Users\78412\.ipython

包

"""weather.py"""
from Module import daily, weekly

print('Daily: ', daily.forecast())
print('Weekly: ')
for number, outlook in enumerate(weekly.forecast(), 1):
    print(number, outlook)

Daily:  like yesterday
Weekly: 
1 snow
2 more snow
3 sleet
4 freezing rain
5 rain

Python标准库

使用setdefault()和defaultdict()处理缺失的键

periodic_table = { 'Yellow':1, 'Black':2}
print(periodic_table)

{'Yellow': 1, 'Black': 2}

• setdefault()

carbon = periodic_table.setdefault('White', 12)
print(carbon)
print(periodic_table)

12
{'Yellow': 1, 'Black': 2, 'White': 12}

如果键已存在，这不会改变原来的值

helium = periodic_table.setdefault('White', 987)
print(periodic_table)

{'Yellow': 1, 'Black': 2, 'White': 12}

• defaultdict()

from collections import defaultdict
periodic_table = defaultdict(int)
periodic_table['Yellow'] = 1
periodic_table['White']
print(periodic_table)

defaultdict(<class 'int'>, {'Yellow': 1, 'White': 0})

from collections import defaultdict
def no_idea():
    return 'Hun?'

bestiary = defaultdict(no_idea)
bestiary['A'] = 'ABC'
bestiary['B'] = 'BCD'
bestiary['C']
print(bestiary)

defaultdict(<function no_idea at 0x0000025C7D53C598>, {'A': 'ABC', 'B': 'BCD', 'C': 'Hun?'})

from collections import defaultdict
food_counter = defaultdict(int)
for food in ['spam', 'spam', 'eggs', 'spam']:
    food_counter[food] += 1

for food, count in food_counter.items():
    print(food, count)

spam 3
eggs 1

Counter()计数

from collections import Counter
breakfast = ['spam', 'spam', 'eggs', 'spam']
breakfast_counter = Counter(breakfast)
print(breakfast_counter)

Counter({'spam': 3, 'eggs': 1})

• most_commmon()

以降序返回所有元素

如果给定一个数字，会返回该数字前的元素

print(breakfast_counter.most_common())
print(breakfast_counter.most_common(1))

[('spam', 3), ('eggs', 1)]
[('spam', 3)]

• 组合计数器

#新建一个列表lunch
lunch = ['eggs', 'eggs', 'bacon']
lunch_counter = Counter(lunch)
print(lunch_counter)

Counter({'eggs': 2, 'bacon': 1})

1. 相加

breakfast_counter + lunch_counter

Counter({'spam': 3, 'eggs': 3, 'bacon': 1})

2. 相减，第一个列表有而第二个列表没有的元素

breakfast_counter - lunch_counter

Counter({'spam': 3})

3. &二者共有的项（交集，取两者中较小计数）

lunch_counter & breakfast_counter

Counter({'eggs': 1})

4. |并集（取两者中较大的值）

breakfast_counter | lunch_counter

Counter({'spam': 3, 'eggs': 2, 'bacon': 1})

有序字典OrderedDict()按键排序

from collections import OrderedDict
quotes = OrderedDict([
    ('Moe', 'A wise guy, huh?'),
    ('Larry', 'Ow!'),
    ('Curly', 'Nyuk nyuk!')
])
for stooge in quotes:
    print(stooge)

Moe
Larry
Curly

双端队列：栈 + 队列

from collections import deque
def palindrome(word):
    dq = deque(word)
    while len(dq) > 1:
        if dq.popleft() != dq.pop():
            return False
    return True

#palindrome('a')
#palindrome('rececar')
palindrome('radar')

True

• 回文算法（精）

def another_palindrome(word):
    return word == word[ : : -1]

another_palindrome('radar')

True

itertools迭代代码结构

• chain() 迭代

#chain()
import itertools
for item in itertools.chain([1, 2], ['a', 'b']):
    print(item)

1
2
a
b

• cycle() 无限迭代器

for item in itertools.accumulate([1, 2, 3, 4]):
    print(item)

- 将函数作为accumulate()的第二个参数

def multiply(a, b):
    return a * b

for item in itertools.accumulate([1, 2, 3, 4], multiply):
    print(item)

1
2
6
24

使用pprint()友好输出

from pprint import pprint
print(quotes)
pprint(quotes)

OrderedDict([('Moe', 'A wise guy, huh?'), ('Larry', 'Ow!'), ('Curly', 'Nyuk nyuk!')])
OrderedDict([('Moe', 'A wise guy, huh?'),
             ('Larry', 'Ow!'),
             ('Curly', 'Nyuk nyuk!')])