对每个参数字段添加validation注解约束和message。

//导入依赖
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework.boot/spring-boot-starter-validation -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-validation</artifactId>
</dependency>

/**
 * user.
 *
 * @author pdai
 */
@Data
@Builder
@ApiModel(value = "User", subTypes = {AddressParam.class})
public class UserParam implements Serializable {

    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

    @NotEmpty(message = "could not be empty")
    private String userId;

    @NotEmpty(message = "could not be empty")
    @Email(message = "invalid email")
    private String email;

    @NotEmpty(message = "could not be empty")
    @Pattern(regexp = "^(\\d{6})(\\d{4})(\\d{2})(\\d{2})(\\d{3})([0-9]|X)$", message = "invalid ID")
    private String cardNo;

    @NotEmpty(message = "could not be empty")
    @Length(min = 1, max = 10, message = "nick name should be 1-10")
    private String nickName;

    @NotEmpty(message = "could not be empty")
    @Range(min = 0, max = 1, message = "sex should be 0-1")
    private int sex;

    @Max(value = 100, message = "Please input valid age")
    private int age;

    @Valid
    private AddressParam address;

}