python 直接赋值、使用切片函数[:]赋值、浅拷贝、深拷贝的区别，详解！

在直接赋值、切片函数、浅拷贝、深拷贝上犯了太多次错，为了记住！

my_foods = ['a', 'b', 'c']

# 1. 直接赋值: 等价于引用了同一个地址,其实就是对象的引用
friends_food = my_food
#例子：
my_foods.append('d')
friends_food.append('e')
# 结果是
# my_foods = ['a', 'b', 'c','d','e']
# friends_food = ['a', 'b', 'c','d','e']

# 2. 切片：切片技术应用于所有的序列，包括：列表、字符串、元组。但切片不能应用与字典。对字典只能使用D.copy()方法或D.deepcopy()方法
friends_food = my_food[:]
#例子：
my_foods.append('d')
friends_food.append('e')
# 结果是
# my_foods = ['a', 'b', 'c','d']
# friends_food = ['a', 'b', 'c','e'] 

# 3. 浅拷贝（copy）：拷贝父对象，不会拷贝对象的内部的子对象 = [:]
# 4. 深拷贝（deepcopy）：copy模块的deepcopy方法，完全拷贝了父对象及其子对象

一些深拷贝和浅拷贝的具体例子：

• 直接赋值：就是 a或者b中任何一个有任何一点改动，就会你动我也动；
• 切片赋值和浅拷贝：嵌套的会互相影响，如果是独立的一个，即完全不受影响，独立的可以和深拷贝一样考虑，嵌套的部分和直接赋值一样考虑；
• 深拷贝：怎么样都互相不影响了；

import copy
# 切片
a = ['world', [1,2,3,4]]
b = a.copy()

print(b)
print(id(b) == id(a))

print("===========")

b[1].append(5)

print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

print("****************")
a[1].append(6)

print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

print("----------------------")
a[0] = 'hello'
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)
b[0] = 'xixi'
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

print("+++++++++++++++++++++++")
a[1].remove(6)
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

a.remove('hello')
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

""" 
结果如下:
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4]]
False
===========
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
True
****************
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
True
----------------------
['hello', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
False
['hello', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
['xixi', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
False
+++++++++++++++++++++++
['hello', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
['xixi', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
[[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
['xixi', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
"""

import copy
# 浅拷贝
a = ['world', [1,2,3,4]]
b = a.copy()

print(b)
print(id(b) == id(a))

print("===========")

b[1].append(5)

print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

print("****************")
a[1].append(6)

print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

print("----------------------")
a[0] = 'hello'
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)
b[0] = 'xixi'
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

print("+++++++++++++++++++++++")
a[1].remove(6)
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

a.remove('hello')
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

"""
结果如下：
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4]]
False
===========
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
True
****************
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
True
----------------------
['hello', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
False
['hello', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
['xixi', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]]
False
+++++++++++++++++++++++
['hello', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
['xixi', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
[[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
['xixi', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
"""

import copy
# 深拷贝
a = ['world', [1,2,3,4]]
b = copy.deepcopy(a)

print(b)
print(id(b) == id(a))

print("===========")

b[1].append(5)

print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

print("****************")
a[1].append(6)

print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

print("----------------------")
a[0] = 'hello'
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)
b[0] = 'xixi'
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

print("+++++++++++++++++++++++")
a[1].remove(6)
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

a.remove('hello')
print(a)
print(b)
print(a == b)

"""
结果如下：
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4]]
False
===========
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4]]
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
****************
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 6]]
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
----------------------
['hello', [1, 2, 3, 4, 6]]
['world', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
['hello', [1, 2, 3, 4, 6]]
['xixi', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
+++++++++++++++++++++++
['hello', [1, 2, 3, 4]]
['xixi', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
[[1, 2, 3, 4]]
['xixi', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]
False
"""