集合是由不重复元素组成的无序容器。基本用法包括成员检测、消除重复元素。集合对象支持合集、交集、差集、对称差分等数学运算。
创建集合用花括号{}或 set() 函数。注意,创建空集合只能用 set()
,不能用 {}
,{}
创建的是空字典。
>>>basket = {'apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'}
>>>print(basket) # show that duplicates have been removed
{'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'}
>>>'orange' in basket # fast membership testing
True
>>>'crabgrass' in basket
False
# Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words
>>>a = set('abracadabra')
>>>b = set('alacazam')
>>>a # unique letters in a
{'a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'}
>>>a - b # letters in a but not in b
{'r', 'd', 'b'}
>>>a | b # letters in a or b or both
{'a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}
>>>a & b # letters in both a and b
{'a', 'c'}
>>>a ^ b # letters in a or b but not both
{'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}
与 列表推导式 类似,集合也支持推导式:
>>>a = {x for x in 'abracadabra' if x not in 'abc'}
>>>a
{'r', 'd'}