集合

集合是由不重复元素组成的无序容器。基本用法包括成员检测、消除重复元素。集合对象支持合集、交集、差集、对称差分等数学运算。

创建集合用花括号{}或 set() 函数。注意，创建空集合只能用 set()，不能用 {}，{} 创建的是空字典。

>>>basket = {'apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'}
>>>print(basket)                      # show that duplicates have been removed
{'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'}
>>>'orange' in basket                 # fast membership testing
True
>>>'crabgrass' in basket
False

# Demonstrate set operations on unique letters from two words

>>>a = set('abracadabra')
>>>b = set('alacazam')
>>>a                                  # unique letters in a
{'a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'}
>>>a - b                              # letters in a but not in b
{'r', 'd', 'b'}
>>>a | b                              # letters in a or b or both
{'a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}
>>>a & b                              # letters in both a and b
{'a', 'c'}
>>>a ^ b                              # letters in a or b but not both
{'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}

与 列表推导式 类似，集合也支持推导式：

>>>a = {x for x in 'abracadabra' if x not in 'abc'}
>>>a
{'r', 'd'}