库&文件
glibc-1.09、\glibc-1.09.1\malloc\malloc.c、\glibc-1.09.1\malloc\malloc.h.
源代码
- malloc.h
/* Declarations for `malloc' and friends.
Copyright 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Written May 1989 by Mike Haertel.
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
License, or (at your option) any later version.
This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
Library General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
License along with this library; see the file COPYING.LIB. If
not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
The author may be reached (Email) at the address mike@ai.mit.edu,
or (US mail) as Mike Haertel c/o Free Software Foundation. */
#ifndef _MALLOC_H
#define _MALLOC_H 1
#ifdef _MALLOC_INTERNAL
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif
#if defined(_LIBC) || defined(STDC_HEADERS) || defined(USG)
#include <string.h>
#else
#ifndef memset
#define memset(s, zero, n) bzero ((s), (n))
#endif
#ifndef memcpy
#define memcpy(d, s, n) bcopy ((s), (d), (n))
#endif
#endif
#if defined (__GNU_LIBRARY__) || (defined (__STDC__) && __STDC__)
#include <limits.h>
#else
#ifndef CHAR_BIT
#define CHAR_BIT 8
#endif
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#endif /* _MALLOC_INTERNAL. */
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C"
{
#endif
#if defined (__cplusplus) || (defined (__STDC__) && __STDC__)
#undef __P
#define __P(args) args
#undef __ptr_t
#define __ptr_t void *
#else /* Not C++ or ANSI C. */
#undef __P
#define __P(args) ()
#undef const
#define const
#undef __ptr_t
#define __ptr_t char *
#endif /* C++ or ANSI C. */
#if defined (__STDC__) && __STDC__
#include <stddef.h>
#define __malloc_size_t size_t
#else
#define __malloc_size_t unsigned int
#endif
#ifndef NULL
#define NULL 0
#endif
/* Allocate SIZE bytes of memory. */
extern __ptr_t malloc __P ((size_t __size));
/* Re-allocate the previously allocated block
in __ptr_t, making the new block SIZE bytes long. */
extern __ptr_t realloc __P ((__ptr_t __ptr, size_t __size));
/* Allocate NMEMB elements of SIZE bytes each, all initialized to 0. */
extern __ptr_t calloc __P ((size_t __nmemb, size_t __size));
/* Free a block allocated by `malloc', `realloc' or `calloc'. */
extern void free __P ((__ptr_t __ptr));
/* Allocate SIZE bytes allocated to ALIGNMENT bytes. */
extern __ptr_t memalign __P ((size_t __alignment, size_t __size));
/* Allocate SIZE bytes on a page boundary. */
extern __ptr_t valloc __P ((size_t __size));
#ifdef _MALLOC_INTERNAL
/* The allocator divides the heap into blocks of fixed size; large
requests receive one or more whole blocks, and small requests
receive a fragment of a block. Fragment sizes are powers of two,
and all fragments of a block are the same size. When all the
fragments in a block have been freed, the block itself is freed. */
#define INT_BIT (CHAR_BIT * sizeof(int))
#define BLOCKLOG (INT_BIT > 16 ? 12 : 9)
#define BLOCKSIZE (1 << BLOCKLOG)
#define BLOCKIFY(SIZE) (((SIZE) + BLOCKSIZE - 1) / BLOCKSIZE)
/* Determine the amount of memory spanned by the initial heap table
(not an absolute limit). */
#define HEAP (INT_BIT > 16 ? 4194304 : 65536)
/* Number of contiguous free blocks allowed to build up at the end of
memory before they will be returned to the system. */
#define FINAL_FREE_BLOCKS 8
/* Data structure giving per-block information. */
typedef union
{
/* Heap information for a busy block. */
struct
{
/* Zero for a large block, or positive giving the
logarithm to the base two of the fragment size. */
int type;
union
{
struct
{
__malloc_size_t nfree; /* Free frags in a fragmented block. */
__malloc_size_t first; /* First free fragment of the block. */
} frag;
/* Size (in blocks) of a large cluster. */
__malloc_size_t size;
} info;
} busy;
/* Heap information for a free block
(that may be the first of a free cluster). */
struct
{
__malloc_size_t size; /* Size (in blocks) of a free cluster. */
__malloc_size_t next; /* Index of next free cluster. */
__malloc_size_t prev; /* Index of previous free cluster. */
} free;
} malloc_info;
/* Pointer to first block of the heap. */
extern char *_heapbase;
/* Table indexed by block number giving per-block information. */
extern malloc_info *_heapinfo;
/* Address to block number and vice versa. */
#define BLOCK(A) (((char *) (A) - _heapbase) / BLOCKSIZE + 1)
#define ADDRESS(B) ((__ptr_t) (((B) - 1) * BLOCKSIZE + _heapbase))
/* Current search index for the heap table. */
extern __malloc_size_t _heapindex;
/* Limit of valid info table indices. */
extern __malloc_size_t _heaplimit;
/* Doubly linked lists of free fragments. */
struct list
{
struct list *next;
struct list *prev;
};
/* Free list headers for each fragment size. */
extern struct list _fraghead[];
/* List of blocks allocated with `memalign' (or `valloc'). */
struct alignlist
{
struct alignlist *next;
__ptr_t aligned; /* The address that memaligned returned. */
__ptr_t exact; /* The address that malloc returned. */
};
extern struct alignlist *_aligned_blocks;
/* Instrumentation. */
extern __malloc_size_t _chunks_used;
extern __malloc_size_t _bytes_used;
extern __malloc_size_t _chunks_free;
extern __malloc_size_t _bytes_free;
/* Internal version of `free' used in `morecore' (malloc.c). */
extern void _free_internal __P ((__ptr_t __ptr));
#endif /* _MALLOC_INTERNAL. */
/* Underlying allocation function; successive calls should
return contiguous pieces of memory. */
extern __ptr_t (*__morecore) __P ((ptrdiff_t __size));
/* Default value of `__morecore'. */
extern __ptr_t __default_morecore __P ((ptrdiff_t __size));
/* If not NULL, this function is called after each time
`__morecore' is called to increase the data size. */
extern void (*__after_morecore_hook) __P ((void));
/* Nonzero if `malloc' has been called and done its initialization. */
extern int __malloc_initialized;
/* Hooks for debugging versions. */
extern void (*__free_hook) __P ((__ptr_t __ptr));
extern __ptr_t (*__malloc_hook) __P ((size_t __size));
extern __ptr_t (*__realloc_hook) __P ((__ptr_t __ptr, size_t __size));
/* Return values for `mprobe': these are the kinds of inconsistencies that
`mcheck' enables detection of. */
enum mcheck_status
{
MCHECK_DISABLED = -1, /* Consistency checking is not turned on. */
MCHECK_OK, /* Block is fine. */
MCHECK_FREE, /* Block freed twice. */
MCHECK_HEAD, /* Memory before the block was clobbered. */
MCHECK_TAIL /* Memory after the block was clobbered. */
};
/* Activate a standard collection of debugging hooks. This must be called
before `malloc' is ever called. ABORTFUNC is called with an error code
(see enum above) when an inconsistency is detected. If ABORTFUNC is
null, the standard function prints on stderr and then calls `abort'. */
extern int mcheck __P ((void (*__abortfunc) __P ((enum mcheck_status))));
/* Check for aberrations in a particular malloc'd block. You must have
called `mcheck' already. These are the same checks that `mcheck' does
when you free or reallocate a block. */
extern enum mcheck_status mprobe __P ((__ptr_t __ptr));
/* Activate a standard collection of tracing hooks. */
extern void mtrace __P ((void));
extern void muntrace __P ((void));
/* Statistics available to the user. */
struct mstats
{
__malloc_size_t bytes_total; /* Total size of the heap. */
__malloc_size_t chunks_used; /* Chunks allocated by the user. */
__malloc_size_t bytes_used; /* Byte total of user-allocated chunks. */
__malloc_size_t chunks_free; /* Chunks in the free list. */
__malloc_size_t bytes_free; /* Byte total of chunks in the free list. */
};
/* Pick up the current statistics. */
extern struct mstats mstats __P ((void));
/* Call WARNFUN with a warning message when memory usage is high. */
extern void memory_warnings __P ((__ptr_t __start,
void (*__warnfun) __P ((const char *))));
/* Relocating allocator. */
/* Allocate SIZE bytes, and store the address in *HANDLEPTR. */
extern __ptr_t r_alloc __P ((__ptr_t *__handleptr, size_t __size));
/* Free the storage allocated in HANDLEPTR. */
extern void r_alloc_free __P ((__ptr_t *__handleptr));
/* Adjust the block at HANDLEPTR to be SIZE bytes long. */
extern __ptr_t r_re_alloc __P ((__ptr_t *__handleptr, size_t __size));
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif /* malloc.h */
其中两个重要的地方(109、140行)重要。
- malloc.c
这里只贴malloc()部分。
/* Allocate memory from the heap. */
__ptr_t
malloc (size)
__malloc_size_t size;
{
__ptr_t result;
__malloc_size_t block, blocks, lastblocks, start;
register __malloc_size_t i;
struct list *next;
/* ANSI C allows `malloc (0)' to either return NULL, or to return a
valid address you can realloc and free (though not dereference).
It turns out that some extant code (sunrpc, at least Ultrix's version)
expects `malloc (0)' to return non-NULL and breaks otherwise.
Be compatible. */
#if 0
if (size == 0)
return NULL;
#endif
if (__malloc_hook != NULL)
return (*__malloc_hook) (size);
if (!__malloc_initialized)
if (!initialize ())
return NULL;
if (size < sizeof (struct list))
size = sizeof (struct list);
#ifdef SUNOS_LOCALTIME_BUG
if (size < 16)
size = 16;
#endif
/* Determine the allocation policy based on the request size. */
if (size <= BLOCKSIZE / 2)
{
/* Small allocation to receive a fragment of a block.
Determine the logarithm to base two of the fragment size. */
register __malloc_size_t log = 1;
--size;
while ((size /= 2) != 0)
++log;
/* Look in the fragment lists for a
free fragment of the desired size. */
next = _fraghead[log].next;
if (next != NULL)
{
/* There are free fragments of this size.
Pop a fragment out of the fragment list and return it.
Update the block's nfree and first counters. */
result = (__ptr_t) next;
next->prev->next = next->next;
if (next->next != NULL)
next->next->prev = next->prev;
block = BLOCK (result);
if (--_heapinfo[block].busy.info.frag.nfree != 0)
_heapinfo[block].busy.info.frag.first = (unsigned long int)
((unsigned long int) ((char *) next->next - (char *) NULL)
% BLOCKSIZE) >> log;
/* Update the statistics. */
++_chunks_used;
_bytes_used += 1 << log;
--_chunks_free;
_bytes_free -= 1 << log;
}
else
{
/* No free fragments of the desired size, so get a new block
and break it into fragments, returning the first. */
result = malloc (BLOCKSIZE);
if (result == NULL)
return NULL;
/* Link all fragments but the first into the free list. */
for (i = 1; i < (__malloc_size_t) (BLOCKSIZE >> log); ++i)
{
next = (struct list *) ((char *) result + (i << log));
next->next = _fraghead[log].next;
next->prev = &_fraghead[log];
next->prev->next = next;
if (next->next != NULL)
next->next->prev = next;
}
/* Initialize the nfree and first counters for this block. */
block = BLOCK (result);
_heapinfo[block].busy.type = log;
_heapinfo[block].busy.info.frag.nfree = i - 1;
_heapinfo[block].busy.info.frag.first = i - 1;
_chunks_free += (BLOCKSIZE >> log) - 1;
_bytes_free += BLOCKSIZE - (1 << log);
_bytes_used -= BLOCKSIZE - (1 << log);
}
}
else
{
/* Large allocation to receive one or more blocks.
Search the free list in a circle starting at the last place visited.
If we loop completely around without finding a large enough
space we will have to get more memory from the system. */
blocks = BLOCKIFY (size);
start = block = _heapindex;
while (_heapinfo[block].free.size < blocks)
{
block = _heapinfo[block].free.next;
if (block == start)
{
/* Need to get more from the system. Check to see if
the new core will be contiguous with the final free
block; if so we don't need to get as much. */
block = _heapinfo[0].free.prev;
lastblocks = _heapinfo[block].free.size;
if (_heaplimit != 0 && block + lastblocks == _heaplimit &&
(*__morecore) (0) == ADDRESS (block + lastblocks) &&
(morecore ((blocks - lastblocks) * BLOCKSIZE)) != NULL)
{
/* Which block we are extending (the `final free
block' referred to above) might have changed, if
it got combined with a freed info table. */
block = _heapinfo[0].free.prev;
_heapinfo[block].free.size += (blocks - lastblocks);
_bytes_free += (blocks - lastblocks) * BLOCKSIZE;
continue;
}
result = morecore (blocks * BLOCKSIZE);
if (result == NULL)
return NULL;
block = BLOCK (result);
_heapinfo[block].busy.type = 0;
_heapinfo[block].busy.info.size = blocks;
++_chunks_used;
_bytes_used += blocks * BLOCKSIZE;
return result;
}
}
/* At this point we have found a suitable free list entry.
Figure out how to remove what we need from the list. */
result = ADDRESS (block);
if (_heapinfo[block].free.size > blocks)
{
/* The block we found has a bit left over,
so relink the tail end back into the free list. */
_heapinfo[block + blocks].free.size
= _heapinfo[block].free.size - blocks;
_heapinfo[block + blocks].free.next
= _heapinfo[block].free.next;
_heapinfo[block + blocks].free.prev
= _heapinfo[block].free.prev;
_heapinfo[_heapinfo[block].free.prev].free.next
= _heapinfo[_heapinfo[block].free.next].free.prev
= _heapindex = block + blocks;
}
else
{
/* The block exactly matches our requirements,
so just remove it from the list. */
_heapinfo[_heapinfo[block].free.next].free.prev
= _heapinfo[block].free.prev;
_heapinfo[_heapinfo[block].free.prev].free.next
= _heapindex = _heapinfo[block].free.next;
--_chunks_free;
}
_heapinfo[block].busy.type = 0;
_heapinfo[block].busy.info.size = blocks;
++_chunks_used;
_bytes_used += blocks * BLOCKSIZE;
_bytes_free -= blocks * BLOCKSIZE;
}
return result;
}
伪代码(个人理解与翻译,仅供参考)
注意:
- 源码中有一个fragment lists,即碎片链表,用来记录一个block块分割出来的碎片。
- 源码中有一个free list,即自由链表,用来记录分配过来的空间中的所有空闲blocks。
if(块大小<BOLOCK_SIZE/2){// 采用小块分配方式
next = fragment lists中找一个合适的碎片;
if(next !=NULL){// 找到碎片
result = 该位置;
从fragment list中取出该碎片,并改变该碎片在碎片链中的前后碎片的指针;
更新该碎片所在块的nfree(自由碎片个数)和first counters(第一个自由碎片位置);
}
else{// 没找到
result = malloc(BLOCKSIZE),即通过malloc()从堆区获取一个块;
将该块打碎成同样大小的碎片;
将碎片们链接起来;
初始化该块的nfree(自由碎片个数)和first counters(第一个空闲碎片位置);
}
}// if
else{// 采用大块分配方式
while(大块分配需要获得一个或多个blocks(按照.h文件中注释的说法),并从free list开头找到结尾){
if(找到最后没有找到合适块){
需要从内存获取更多的内存;// 调用morecore->align和__morecore?
if(获取更多的内存之前,如果最后一个块是一块大小不够的空闲块){
合并最后一个块,不需要分配那么多;
并将该块与freed info table相结合;// freed info table?1
}else{
result = morecore (blocks * BLOCKSIZE);// 即不用合并最后一个块,直接通过morecore()分配所需要的大小;
return result;
}
}// if
}// if
}// while
}// else
// 到现在我们已经在free list entry中找到了合适的分配地址的块号,接下来就是怎样将它们分出去的问题;
if(分配的块(或连续块,按照注释说明,大块分配可能需要多个内存块,但不确定)分配指定大小之后最后部分有剩余){
将遗留的这一部分重新链接到free list中;
}
else{
该整块大小符合需求,直接将其从free list中移除即可;// 我认为这里可以有多个块,但注释明确是block
}
对块信息的其余操作;
return result;
}
总结
从该版本的malloc函数内容来看,malloc()的分配方式是类似于STL allocator内存池的分配思路(不清除两者先后关系)。似乎和
- 从下往上顺序全部遍历找内存区的方法
- 广泛流传的直接从空闲链表中获取的方法
有出入。不确定是不是不同版本malloc实现机制不同,毕竟时代在前进嘛!
欢迎批评指正!