Web 前端点播直播入门
360前端先计划-第十四课
主讲:胡尊杰老师
什么是视频
- 格式与内容
文件扩展名≈媒体封装格式(媒体容器类型)
媒体封装格式≠音视频编码格式(使用了谁家的编码器)
文件内容:
- 头信息(格式、时长、帧率、码率、分辨率…)
- 索引信息
- 视频数据
- 音频数据
- 附加增强数据…
- 视频数据
1,显示器颜色呈现基于RGB(红绿蓝)颜色空间模型
2,视频领域大多基于YUV颜色空间做抽样存储,
3,帧内预测&帧间预测复用进一步有效的压缩数据
4,P帧(前向预测帧)、B帧(双向预测帧)、I帧(参考帧),
5,基于通用标准集N多技术于一身 — 视频编码器
H.264(AVC)、H.265(HEVC)、VP8、VP9… - 音频数据
1,声音:不同振幅&频率而产生的机械波;数字形式是一维波形,
2,对自然中连续的声波采样,做数字化PCM存储
3,扬声器还原PCM(脉冲编码调制)数字信号为模拟音频信号,
4,音频压缩基本算法:预测、变换
5,基于通用标准集N多技术于一身 — 音频编码器
AAC、MP3… - 传输协议
1,传统场景
-----流媒体(直播)
HLS:苹果为利用现有CDN设施而发明的"流媒体"协议
HTTP(S)-FLV:基于HTTP的流媒体协议
RTMP、RTP/RTSP、TS、MMS…
-----点播传输
HTTP(S):通过Range方式或参数方式完成Seek
2,Web端
HTTP(S)、WS(S)、P2P… - 播放器原理
1,解协议(加载数据)
2,解封装(解复用)
3,解码
4,渲染
好玩的Web端API
- 媒体兼容判断
判断浏览器端视频兼容情况
let videoEl = document.createElement("video");
let types = {
'mp4': 'audio/mp4',
'MP4': 'video/mp4; codecs="avc1.42E01E, mp4a.40.2"',
'webm': 'video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"',
'ogg': 'video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"',
'm3u8': 'application/vnd.apple.mpegURL',
'ts': 'video/mp2t; codecs="avc1.42E01E,mp4a.40.2"'
};
Object.keys(types).forEach(key => {
const type = types[key];
const ret = videoEl.canPlayType(type) || '不支持';
console.log(key + ': ' + ret);
});
- 交互式视频
基于Video时间轴控制实现交互式视频
let video = $('video');
video.ontimeupdate = ()=>{
let {currentTime} = video;
show(currentTime > 64 ? '.s2' : '.s1');
hide(currentTime > 64 ? '.s1' : '.s2');
if(
(currentTime > 64 && currentTime < 65) ||
(currentTime > 113 && currentTime < 114)
){
video.pause();
}
};
let ppBtn = $('paly_pause');
video.onplay = ()=>{
ppBtn.innerText = '暂停';
};
video.onpause = ()=>{
ppBtn.innerText = '播放';
};
ppBtn.onclick = ()=>{
video[video.paused ? 'play' : 'pause' ]();
};
$('start').onclick = ()=>{
video.currentTime = 1;
video.play();
};
$('step').onclick = ()=>{
video.currentTime = 60;
video.play();
};
$('dream').onclick = ()=>{
video.currentTime = 83;
video.play();
};
$('drink').onclick = ()=>{
video.currentTime = 116;
video.play();
};
hide('.s2');
function show(sel){
document.querySelectorAll(sel).forEach(el=>{
el.style.display='inline'
});
}
function hide(sel){
document.querySelectorAll(sel).forEach(el=>{
el.style.display='none'
});
}
function $(id){
return document.getElementById(id);
}
- 播放本地视频文件
基于 FileReader API 播放本地文件
let iptFileEl = document.querySelector('input[type="file"]');
let videoEl = document.querySelector('video');
iptFileEl.onchange = e =>{
let file = iptFileEl.files && iptFileEl.files[0];
playFile(file);
};
function playFile(file){
if(file){
let fileReader = new FileReader();
fileReader.onload = evt => {
if(FileReader.DONE == fileReader.readyState){
videoEl.src = fileReader.result;
}else{
console.log('FileReader Error:', evt);
}
}
fileReader.readAsDataURL(file);
}else{
videoEl.src = '';
}
}
- 播放硬件资源(调用摄像头或麦克风)
基于 getUserMedia 调用摄像头或麦克风
const getUserMediaPromise = options => new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const nvgt = window.navigator;
if(nvgt) {
if(nvgt.mediaDevices && nvgt.mediaDevices.getUserMedia) {
return nvgt.mediaDevices.getUserMedia(options).then(resolve, reject);
}
const getUserMedia = nvgt.getUserMedia || nvgt.webkitGetUserMedia || nvgt.mozGetUserMedia;
if(getUserMedia) {
return getUserMedia(options, resolve, reject)
}
}
reject('当前环境不支持获取媒体设备。');
});
let streamTrack;
const video = document.querySelector('video');
document.querySelector('#play').onclick = () => {
getUserMediaPromise({
audio: false,
video: true
}).then(stream => {
video.srcObject = stream;
streamTrack = stream.getTracks()[0];
},
err => {
console.log('getUserMedia error: [' + err.name + '] ' + err.message)
});
};
document.querySelector('#stop').onclick = () => {
streamTrack && streamTrack.stop();
};
const box = document.querySelector('div');
document.querySelector('#sketch').onclick = () => {
box.className = box.className ==='' ? 'sketch' : '';
};
- 实现视频录制
基于 getUserMedia、MediaRecorder 实现录像
const getUserMediaPromise = options => new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
const nvgt = window.navigator;
if(nvgt) {
if(nvgt.mediaDevices && nvgt.mediaDevices.getUserMedia) {
return nvgt.mediaDevices.getUserMedia(options).then(resolve, reject);
}
const getUserMedia = nvgt.getUserMedia || nvgt.webkitGetUserMedia || nvgt.mozGetUserMedia;
if(getUserMedia) {
return getUserMedia(options, resolve, reject)
}
}
reject('当前环境不支持获取媒体设备。');
});
const video = document.querySelector('#preview');
let cameraStream;
const opencameraBtn = document.querySelector('#opencamera');
const closecameraBtn = document.querySelector('#closecamera');
const recordBtn = document.querySelector('#record');
const stopRecordBtn = document.querySelector('#stoprecord');
const playBtn = document.querySelector('#play');
const downloadBtn = document.querySelector('#download');
opencameraBtn.onclick = () => getUserMediaPromise({
audio: false,
video: true
}).then(
stream => {
cameraStream = video.srcObject = stream;
opencameraBtn.disabled = true;
closecameraBtn.disabled = false;
recordBtn.disabled = false;
},
err => {
console.log('getUserMedia error: [' + err.name + '] ' + err.message)
}
);
closecameraBtn.onclick = () => {
cameraStream && cameraStream.getTracks()[0].stop();
cameraStream = null;
opencameraBtn.disabled = false;
closecameraBtn.disabled = true;
stopRecordBtn.onclick();
};
let mediaRecorder;
let recordedBlobs;
const mimeType = ['video/webm;codecs=vp9', 'video/webm;codecs=vp8', 'video/webm', ''].find(type => {
return MediaRecorder.isTypeSupported(type);
});
// console.log('mimeType', mimeType);
recordBtn.onclick = () => {
recordedBlobs = [];
try {
mediaRecorder = new MediaRecorder(cameraStream, { mimeType });
} catch(e) {
alert('Exception while creating MediaRecorder: ' + e + '. mimeType: ' + mimeType);
return;
}
recordBtn.disabled = true;
stopRecordBtn.disabled = false;
playBtn.disabled = true;
downloadBtn.disabled = true;
mediaRecorder.onstop = evt => {
console.log('Recorder stopped');
};
mediaRecorder.ondataavailable = function(event) {
if (event.data && event.data.size > 0) {
recordedBlobs.push(event.data);
}
};
mediaRecorder.start(20); // 单次收集数据毫秒时长,ondataavailable 触发频率时长间隔
};
const recordedVideo = document.querySelector('#recorded');
stopRecordBtn.onclick = () => {
mediaRecorder && mediaRecorder.stop();
mediaRecorder = null;
// console.log('Recorded Blobs: ', recordedBlobs);
recordedVideo.controls = true;
playBtn.disabled = false;
downloadBtn.disabled = false;
stopRecordBtn.disabled = true;
if(!cameraStream) {
recordBtn.disabled = true;
}
};
const getRecordedBlobUrl = () => {
const superBuffer = new Blob(recordedBlobs, {type: mimeType.split(';')[0]});
return window.URL.createObjectURL(superBuffer);
};
playBtn.onclick = () => {
recordedVideo.src = getRecordedBlobUrl();
}
downloadBtn.onclick = () => {
var a = document.createElement('a');
a.style.display = 'none';
a.href = getRecordedBlobUrl();
a.download = 'test.webm';
document.body.appendChild(a);
a.click();
setTimeout(function() {
document.body.removeChild(a);
window.URL.revokeObjectURL(url);
}, 100);
}
-播放JS拉取的媒体数据
基于MediaSource播放JS拉取的媒体数据
const video = document.querySelector('video');
const fetchMp4 = (url, cb) => {
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('get', url);
xhr.responseType = 'arraybuffer';
xhr.onload = function () {
cb(xhr.response);
};
xhr.send();
};
const assetURL = 'https://nickdesaulniers.github.io/netfix/demo/frag_bunny.mp4';
const mimeCodec = 'video/mp4; codecs="avc1.42E01E, mp4a.40.2"';
// 创建动态媒体源,并关联到video元素上
const mediaSource = new MediaSource();
video.src = URL.createObjectURL(mediaSource);
mediaSource.addEventListener('sourceopen', () => {
const sourceBuffer = mediaSource.addSourceBuffer(mimeCodec);
// 拉取数据
fetchMp4(assetURL, buf => {
sourceBuffer.addEventListener('updateend', () => {
// 媒体流传输完毕
mediaSource.endOfStream();
// video.play();
});
// 将数据喂给 Video -- 注意这里只是一次性输入整个MP4数据
sourceBuffer.appendBuffer(buf);
});
});
Web端点播直播&播放器解决方案
- 点播直播的区别
1,应用流程
-----点播:创作者 => 上传 => 转码 => 存储 <=> CDN分发 <=> 观众
-----直播:创作者 => 推流 <=> 存储 <=> 转码 <=> CDN分发 <=> 观众
2,媒体类型的选择
-----HTTP(S)-MP4…,
点播服务
-----HTTP(S)-FLV
点播、直播
-----HTTP(S)-HLS
点播、直播(高延迟) - 播放器解决方案
1,生浏览器支持的
-----直接走原生Video播放
2,原生浏览器不支持的
-----协议或容器类型不支持
JS解协议下载数据、解容器、重新封装,然后通过MSE喂给Video解码、渲染播放
例如Web端播放FLV、HLS:http://chimee.org
-----解码器不支持
JS下载数据,WASM 解容器、解码,通过 WebGL&WebAudio 渲染播放
例如Web端播放HEVC编码视频:https://zyun.360.cn/developer/doc?did=QHWWPlayer
-----有解密需求的
参考前两条,在解容器之后对每帧数据启用解密逻辑。
目前来说Web端媒体选型,必须基于浏览器所支持的能力边界:如协议类型、容器类型、解码能力,亦或可自行转容器(HLS\FLV)、自行解码(WASM)的能力。