网络通信
1.1 概述
网络通信的两个主要问题:
- 如何准确的定位到网络上的一台或者多台主机
- 找到主机之后如何进行通信
1.2 网络通信的要素
通信双方的地址:
- ip (ip类)
- 端口号 (udp和tcp类)
例如 192.168.16.124:5900
- 规则:网络通信的协议
万物皆对象
1.3 IP
ip地址: InerAddress
- 唯一定位一台网络上主机
- 127.0.0.1:本机localhost
- ip地址的分类
- ipv4/ipv6
- ipv4 127.0.0.1,4个字节组成。0~255,42亿;30亿在北美,4亿在亚洲,2011年就用尽;
- ipv6 128位,8个无符号整数 例如:2001:0bb2:aaaa:1150:0000:0000:bc21:0213
- 公网(互联网)/私网(局域网)
- ABCD类地址
- 192.168.xx.xx专门给组织内部使用的
- ipv4/ipv6
- 域名:记忆IP
- IP: 很多IP已经没有了,要买的话很贵
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
//测试IP
public class TestInetAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//查询本机地址
InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
System.out.println(inetAddress1);
InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
System.out.println(inetAddress2);
InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(inetAddress3);
//查询网站ip地址
InetAddress inetAddress4 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
System.out.println(inetAddress4);
//常用方法
//System.out.println(inetAddress4.getAddress());
System.out.println(inetAddress4.getCanonicalHostName());//规范的名字
System.out.println(inetAddress4.getHostAddress());//ip
System.out.println(inetAddress4.getHostName());//域名
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
1.4 端口
端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程;
- 不同的进程有不同的端口号!用来区分软件!
- 被规定0-65535
- TCP UDP:65535*2,单个协议下,端口号不能冲突
- 端口分类
- 公有端口0~1023
- HTTP:80
- HTTPS:443
- FTP:21
- Telent:23
- 程序注册端口:1024~49151,分配用户或者程序
- Tomcat:8080
- MySQL:3306
- Oracle:1521
- 动态、私有:19452~65535
- 公有端口0~1023
netstat -ano #查看所有端口
netstat -ano|findstr "5900" #查看指定的端口
tasklisk|findstr '8696' #查看指定端口的进程
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
public class TestInetSockerAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InetSocketAddress socketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080);
InetSocketAddress socketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080);
System.out.println(socketAddress);
System.out.println(socketAddress2);
System.out.println(socketAddress.getAddress());
System.out.println(socketAddress.getHostName());//地址
System.out.println(socketAddress.getPort());//端口
}
}
1.5 通信协议
协议:约定,就好比我们现在说的是普通话
网络通信协议:速率、传输码率、代码结构、传输控制…非常的复杂
大事化小:分层!
TCP/IP协议簇:实际上是一组协议
重要:
- TCP:用户传输协议(类比打电话)
- UDP:用户数据报协议(类比发短信)
出名的协议:
- TCP:用户传输协议
- IP:网络互连协议
TCP UDP对比
TCP:打电话
- 连接稳定
- 三次握手,四次挥手
最少需要三次,保证稳定连接
A:你瞅啥?
B:瞅你咋地!
A:干一场
A:我要走了
B:你真的要走了吗?
B:你真的真的要走了吗?
A:我真的要走了!
(本质上就是A发送,B接受;B发送,A再接受)
- 客户端、服务端
- 传输完成,释放连接,效率低
UDP:发短信
- 不连接,不稳定
- 客户端、服务端:没有明确的界限
- 不管有没有准备好都可以发给你(就像导弹发射,是不会通知目标的)
- DDOS:洪水攻击!(饱和攻击)
1.6 TCP
客户端
- 连接服务器Socket
- 发送消息
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Socket socket=null;
OutputStream os=null;
try {
//1.要知道服务器的地址和端口号
InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
int port=9999;
//2.创建一个socket连接
socket = new Socket(serverIP, port);
//3.发送消息,IO流
os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("你好,欢迎你来看我的博客".getBytes());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
if(os!=null){
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(socket!=null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
服务器
- 建立服务的端口ServerSocket
- 等待用户的连接accept
- 接收消息
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
//服务端
public class TcpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ServerSocket serverSocket=null;
Socket socket=null;
InputStream is=null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos=null;
try {
//1.我得有一个地址
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
//2.等待客户链接过来
socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3.等待客户端的消息
is = socket.getInputStream();
//管道流
baos=new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];
int len;
while((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
if(baos!=null){
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(is!=null){
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(socket!=null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if(serverSocket!=null){
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
文件上传
客户端
import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
public class TcpClientDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.创建socket连接
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
//2.创建一个输出流
OutputStream os=socket.getOutputStream();
//3.读取文件
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("头像.jpeg"));
//4.写出文件
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while((len=fis.read())!=-1){
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//最后补上的:通知服务器我已经结束了
socket.shutdownOutput();//通知服务器我已经传输完了
//确认服务器接收完毕,才能断开连接
InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
//String byte[]
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer2 = new byte[2014];
int len2;
while((len=inputStream.read(buffer2))!=-1){
baos.write(buffer2,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
//5.关闭资源
baos.close();
inputStream.close();
fis.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
}
}
服务器
import java.io.*;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
public class TcpServerDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.创建服务
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
//2.监听客户端的连接
Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3.获取输入流
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
//4.文件输出
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("Receive.jpeg"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while((len=is.read())!=-1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知客户端我接收完毕了
OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("我接收完毕了,你可以断开了".getBytes());
//5.关闭资源
fos.close();
is.close();
socket.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}
Tomcat
服务端
- 自定义S
- Tomcat服务器S:Java后台开发重点是用别人搭好的服务器!
客户端
- 自定义C
- 浏览器B
1.7 UDP
发短信:不用连接,需要知道对方的地址
发送消息
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;
//不需要连接服务器
public class UdpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.建立一个socket
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
//2.建个包
String msg="你好啊,服务器!";
//发送给谁
InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
int port=9090;
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), 0, msg.getBytes().length, localhost, port);
//3.发送包
socket.send(packet);
//4.关闭流
socket.close();
}
}
接收端
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
public class UdpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
//开放端口
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
//接收数据包
byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
socket.receive(packet);
System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0,packet.getLength()));
//关闭连接
socket.close();
}
}
循环发送消息
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
public class UdpSenderDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while(true){
String data=reader.readLine();
byte[] datas=data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, data.length(), new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 6666));
socket.send(packet);
if(data.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
循环接收消息
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
public class UdpReceiveDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while(true){
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData= new String(data,0,data.length);
System.out.println(receiveData);
if(receiveData.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
在线咨询
分为四个部分:接收,发送,老师,学生,两个人既可以是发送方也可以是接收方
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket =null;
BufferedReader reader =null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;
public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
this.fromPort = fromPort;
this.toIP = toIP;
this.toPort = toPort;
try{
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
}catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while(true){
try{
String data=reader.readLine();
byte[] datas=data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet1 = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, datas.length, new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP,this.toPort));
socket.send(packet1);
if(data.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
public class TalkReceive implements Runnable {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
private int port;
private String msgFrom ;
public TalkReceive(int port, String msgFrom) {
this.port = port;
this.msgFrom = msgFrom;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
socket.receive(packet);
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(msgFrom + ":" + receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",9999)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"老师")).start();
}
}
public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(3333,"localhost",8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,"学生")).start();
}
}
1.8 URL
https://www.baidu.com/
统一资源定位符:定位资源的,定位互联网上的某一资源
协议:// ip地址:端口/项目名/资源