java网络编程

网络通信

1.1 概述

网络通信的两个主要问题:

  • 如何准确的定位到网络上的一台或者多台主机
  • 找到主机之后如何进行通信

1.2 网络通信的要素

通信双方的地址:

  • ip (ip类)
  • 端口号 (udp和tcp类)

例如 192.168.16.124:5900

  • 规则:网络通信的协议

万物皆对象

1.3 IP

ip地址: InerAddress

  • 唯一定位一台网络上主机
  • 127.0.0.1:本机localhost
  • ip地址的分类
    • ipv4/ipv6
      • ipv4 127.0.0.1,4个字节组成。0~255,42亿;30亿在北美,4亿在亚洲,2011年就用尽;
      • ipv6 128位,8个无符号整数 例如:2001:0bb2:aaaa:1150:0000:0000:bc21:0213
    • 公网(互联网)/私网(局域网)
      • ABCD类地址
      • 192.168.xx.xx专门给组织内部使用的
  • 域名:记忆IP
    • IP: 很多IP已经没有了,要买的话很贵
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

//测试IP
public class TestInetAddress {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            //查询本机地址
            InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
            System.out.println(inetAddress1);
            InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
            System.out.println(inetAddress2);
            InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
            System.out.println(inetAddress3);

            //查询网站ip地址
            InetAddress inetAddress4 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
            System.out.println(inetAddress4);

            //常用方法
            //System.out.println(inetAddress4.getAddress());
            System.out.println(inetAddress4.getCanonicalHostName());//规范的名字
            System.out.println(inetAddress4.getHostAddress());//ip
            System.out.println(inetAddress4.getHostName());//域名


        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

1.4 端口

端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程;

  • 不同的进程有不同的端口号!用来区分软件!
  • 被规定0-65535
  • TCP UDP:65535*2,单个协议下,端口号不能冲突
  • 端口分类
    • 公有端口0~1023
      • HTTP:80
      • HTTPS:443
      • FTP:21
      • Telent:23
    • 程序注册端口:1024~49151,分配用户或者程序
      • Tomcat:8080
      • MySQL:3306
      • Oracle:1521
    • 动态、私有:19452~65535
netstat -ano #查看所有端口
netstat -ano|findstr "5900" #查看指定的端口
tasklisk|findstr '8696' #查看指定端口的进程
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;

public class TestInetSockerAddress {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InetSocketAddress socketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080);
        InetSocketAddress socketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080);
        System.out.println(socketAddress);
        System.out.println(socketAddress2);

        System.out.println(socketAddress.getAddress());
        System.out.println(socketAddress.getHostName());//地址
        System.out.println(socketAddress.getPort());//端口
    }
}

1.5 通信协议

协议:约定,就好比我们现在说的是普通话

网络通信协议:速率、传输码率、代码结构、传输控制…非常的复杂

大事化小:分层!

TCP/IP协议簇:实际上是一组协议

重要:

  • TCP:用户传输协议(类比打电话)
  • UDP:用户数据报协议(类比发短信)

出名的协议:

  • TCP:用户传输协议
  • IP:网络互连协议

TCP UDP对比

TCP:打电话

  • 连接稳定
  • 三次握手,四次挥手
最少需要三次,保证稳定连接
A:你瞅啥?
B:瞅你咋地!
A:干一场

A:我要走了
B:你真的要走了吗?
B:你真的真的要走了吗?
A:我真的要走了!
(本质上就是A发送,B接受;B发送,A再接受)
  • 客户端、服务端
  • 传输完成,释放连接,效率低

UDP:发短信

  • 不连接,不稳定
  • 客户端、服务端:没有明确的界限
  • 不管有没有准备好都可以发给你(就像导弹发射,是不会通知目标的)
  • DDOS:洪水攻击!(饱和攻击)

1.6 TCP

客户端

  1. 连接服务器Socket
  2. 发送消息
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;

//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Socket socket=null;
        OutputStream os=null;
        try {
            //1.要知道服务器的地址和端口号
            InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
            int port=9999;
            //2.创建一个socket连接
            socket = new Socket(serverIP, port);
            //3.发送消息,IO流
            os = socket.getOutputStream();
            os.write("你好,欢迎你来看我的博客".getBytes());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            if(os!=null){
                try {
                    os.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(socket!=null){
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }

    }
}

服务器

  1. 建立服务的端口ServerSocket
  2. 等待用户的连接accept
  3. 接收消息
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

//服务端
public class TcpServerDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ServerSocket serverSocket=null;
        Socket socket=null;
        InputStream is=null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos=null;
        try {
            //1.我得有一个地址
            serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
            //2.等待客户链接过来
            socket = serverSocket.accept();
            //3.等待客户端的消息
            is = socket.getInputStream();

            //管道流
            baos=new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];
            int len;
            while((len=is.read(buffer))!=-1){
                baos.write(buffer,0,len);
            }
            System.out.println(baos.toString());

        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            if(baos!=null){
                try {
                    baos.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(is!=null){
                try {
                    is.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(socket!=null){
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if(serverSocket!=null){
                try {
                    serverSocket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

        }

    }

}

文件上传

客户端

import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

public class TcpClientDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1.创建socket连接
        Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
        //2.创建一个输出流
        OutputStream os=socket.getOutputStream();
        //3.读取文件
        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("头像.jpeg"));
        //4.写出文件
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while((len=fis.read())!=-1){
            os.write(buffer,0,len);
        }

        //最后补上的:通知服务器我已经结束了
        socket.shutdownOutput();//通知服务器我已经传输完了

        //确认服务器接收完毕,才能断开连接
        InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
        //String byte[]
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

        byte[] buffer2 = new byte[2014];
        int len2;
        while((len=inputStream.read(buffer2))!=-1){
            baos.write(buffer2,0,len);
        }

        System.out.println(baos.toString());

        //5.关闭资源
        baos.close();
        inputStream.close();
        fis.close();
        os.close();
        socket.close();
    }
}

服务器

import java.io.*;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

public class TcpServerDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1.创建服务
        ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
        //2.监听客户端的连接
        Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
        //3.获取输入流
        InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
        //4.文件输出
        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("Receive.jpeg"));
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while((len=is.read())!=-1){
            fos.write(buffer,0,len);
        }

        //通知客户端我接收完毕了
        OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
        os.write("我接收完毕了,你可以断开了".getBytes());


        //5.关闭资源
        fos.close();
        is.close();
        socket.close();
        serverSocket.close();
    }
}

Tomcat

服务端

  • 自定义S
  • Tomcat服务器S:Java后台开发重点是用别人搭好的服务器!

客户端

  • 自定义C
  • 浏览器B

1.7 UDP

发短信:不用连接,需要知道对方的地址

发送消息

import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;

//不需要连接服务器
public class UdpClientDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1.建立一个socket
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();

        //2.建个包
        String msg="你好啊,服务器!";

        //发送给谁
        InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
        int port=9090;
        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), 0, msg.getBytes().length, localhost, port);

        //3.发送包
        socket.send(packet);

        //4.关闭流
        socket.close();

    }
}

接收端

import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;

public class UdpServerDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        //开放端口
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);

        //接收数据包
        byte[] buffer=new byte[1024];
        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
        socket.receive(packet);
        System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
        System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0,packet.getLength()));

        //关闭连接
        socket.close();
    }
}

循环发送消息

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;

public class UdpSenderDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();

        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

        while(true){
            String data=reader.readLine();
            byte[] datas=data.getBytes();
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, data.length(), new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 6666));
            socket.send(packet);

            if(data.equals("bye")){
                break;
            }
        }


        socket.close();
    }
}

循环接收消息

import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;

public class UdpReceiveDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);

        while(true){
            byte[] container = new byte[1024];
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
            socket.receive(packet);

            byte[] data = packet.getData();
            String receiveData= new String(data,0,data.length);
            System.out.println(receiveData);
            if(receiveData.equals("bye")){
                break;
            }

        }

        socket.close();
    }
}

在线咨询

分为四个部分:接收,发送,老师,学生,两个人既可以是发送方也可以是接收方

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;

public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
    DatagramSocket socket =null;
    BufferedReader reader =null;

    private int fromPort;
    private String toIP;
    private int toPort;

    public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
        this.fromPort = fromPort;
        this.toIP = toIP;
        this.toPort = toPort;

        try{
            socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
            reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
        }catch(Exception e){
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {

        while(true){
            try{
                String data=reader.readLine();
                byte[] datas=data.getBytes();
                DatagramPacket packet1 = new DatagramPacket(datas, 0, datas.length, new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP,this.toPort));

                socket.send(packet1);

                if(data.equals("bye")){
                    break;
                }
            }catch(Exception e){
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        socket.close();
    }
}
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;

public class TalkReceive implements Runnable {
    DatagramSocket socket = null;

    private int port;
    private String msgFrom ;

    public TalkReceive(int port, String msgFrom) {
        this.port = port;
        this.msgFrom = msgFrom;
        try {
            socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

    }

    @Override
    public void run() {

        while (true) {
            try {
                byte[] container = new byte[1024];
                DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container, 0, container.length);
                socket.receive(packet);

                byte[] data = packet.getData();
                String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);

                System.out.println(msgFrom + ":" + receiveData);

                if (receiveData.equals("bye")) {
                    break;
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        socket.close();
    }
}
public class TalkStudent {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //开启两个线程
        new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",9999)).start();
        new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"老师")).start();
    }
}
public class TalkTeacher {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(new TalkSend(3333,"localhost",8888)).start();
        new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,"学生")).start();
    }
}

1.8 URL

https://www.baidu.com/

统一资源定位符:定位资源的,定位互联网上的某一资源


协议:// ip地址:端口/项目名/资源

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