DQL语言的学习
==DQL(Data Query Language)==数据查询语言-select
进阶1基础查询
-
语法:select 查询列表 from 表名;
-
特点:
- 查询列表可以是:表中的字段、常量值、表达式、函数
# 进阶一:基础查询
/*
语法:
select 查询列表 from 表名;
特点:
1、查询列表可以是:表中的字段、常量值、表达式、函数
2、查询的结果是一个虚拟的表格
*/
use myemployees;
# 1.查询表中的单个字段
select last_name from employees;
# 2.查询表中的多个字段
select last_name,salary,email from employees;
# 3.查询表中的所有字段
# 方式一: *的顺序是固定的
select * from employees;
# 方式二:
select
`first_name`,
`last_name`,
`email`,
`phone_number`,
`job_id`,
`salary`,
`commission_pct`,
`manager_id`,
`department_id`,
`hiredate`
from
employees ;
# 当查询的东西不知道是关键字还是字段,就用着重号去标识一下!!
select `name` from stuinfo;
# 4.查询常量值
select 100;
select 'john222';
# 5.查询表达式
select 100%98;
# 6.查询函数
select version();
# 7.起别名
/*
(1)便于理解
(2)如果要查询的字段有重名的情况,使用别名可以区分开来
*/
# 方式一:使用As
select 100%98 as 结果;
select last_name as 姓, first_name as 名 from employees;
# 方式二:使用空格
select last_name 姓, first_name 名 from employees;
# 案例:查询salary,显示结果为out put
select salary as "out put" from employees;
# 8.去重 DISTINCT
# 案例:查询员工表中涉及到的所有的部门编号
select distinct department_id from employees;
# 9.+号的作用
/*
java中的+号:
(1)运算符,两个操作数都为数值型
(2)连续符,只要有一个操作数为字符串就是字符串
mysql中的+号:
仅仅只有一个功能:运算符
select 100+90;两个操作数都是数值型,则做加法运算
select '123'+90;其中一方为字符型,试图将字符型数值转换成数值型
如果转换成功,则继续做加法运算
select 'john'+90; 如果转换失败,则将字符型数值转换成0
select null+90; 只要其中一方为null,则结果肯定是null
*/
# 案例:查询员工名和姓连接成一个字段,并显示为 姓名
# 这样输出的结果是为0的 所以是不对的这样!!
select last_name+first_name as 姓名 from employees;
# mysql中使用CONCAT进行拼接
select concat('a','b','c') as 结果
select concat(last_name, first_name) as 姓名 from employees;
ifnull语句
# 显示出表employees的全部列,各个列之间用逗号连接,列头显示成out_put
select
concat(`first_name`,',',`last_name`,',',`email`,',',`phone_number`,',',`job_id`,',',`salary`,',',`commission_pct`) as OUT_PUT
from
employees;
/*
如果有一列其中有null,那么结果就会都为null
这个时候就需要ifnull语句去做处理
*/
select
ifnull(commission_pct,0) as 奖金率,commission_pct
from
employees;
# 上题的正确解答为:
select
concat(`first_name`,',',`last_name`,',',`email`,',',`phone_number`,',',`job_id`,',',`salary`,',',ifnull(`commission_pct`,0)) as OUT_PUT
from
employees;
进阶2条件查询
# 进阶二:条件查询
/*
语法:
select
查询列表
from
表名
where
筛选条件;
分类:
一、按条件表达式筛选
条件运算符:> < = != <> <= >=
二、按逻辑表达式筛选
逻辑运算符:&& || !
and or not
&& 和 and:两个条件都为true,结果为true,反之为false;
|| 和 or:只要有一个条件为true,结果就为true,反之为false;
!和 not:如果连接的条件本身为false,结果为true,反之为false。
三、模糊查询
like
between and
in
is null
*/
一、按条件表达式筛选
# 案例一:查询工资>12000的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary>12000;
# 案例二:查询部门编号不等于90号的员工名和部门编号
SELECT
last_name,
department_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
department_id<>90;
二、按逻辑表达式筛选
# 案例一:查询工资在10000到20000之间的员工名、工资以及奖金
SELECT
first_name,
salary,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary>=10000 AND salary<=20000;
# ---------------------------------
SELECT
first_name,
salary,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
# 案例二:查询部门编号不是在90到110之间的,或者工资高于15000的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
department_id<90 OR department_id>110 OR salary>15000;
# ---------------------------------
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
NOT(department_id>=90 AND department_id <=110) OR salary>15000;
三、模糊查询表达式筛选
/*
like
特点:
(1)一般和通配符搭配使用
通配符:
% 任意多个字符,包含0个字符
_ 任意单个字符
between and
in
is null | is not null
*/
# 1. like
# 案例一:查询员工中包含字符a的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE '%a%';
# 案例二:查询员工名中第三个字符为e,第五个字符为a的员工名和工资
SELECT
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE '__e_a%'
# 案例三:查询员工名中第二个字符为_的员工名
SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE '_\_%';
# -----------------------------
SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE '_$_%' ESCAPE '$';
# 2. between and
/*
(1)使用between and 可以提高语句的简洁度
(2)包含两个临界值
(3)两个临界值不能够调换顺序
*/
# 案例一:查询员工编号在100到120之间的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
employee_id >=100 AND employee_id <= 120;
# ----------------------------------
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
employee_id BETWEEN 100 AND 120;
# 3.in
/*
含义:判断某字段的值是否属于in列表中的每一项
特点:
(1)使用in提高语句简洁度
(2)in列表的值类型必须一致或兼容
*/
# 案例一:查询员工的工种编号是 IT_PROG ,AD_VP ,AD_PRES中的一个员工名和工种编号
SELECT
last_name,
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
job_id = 'IT_PROG' OR job_id = 'AD_VP' OR job_id = 'AD_PRES';
# --------------------------------------------------------
SELECT
last_name,
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
job_id IN ('IT_PROG', 'AD_VP', 'AD_PRES')
#3.is null
/*
= 或<>不能用于判断null值
is null 或 is not null 可以判断null值
*/
# 案例一:查询没有奖励的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
commission_pct IS NULL;
# 案例二:查询有奖励的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
# 案例三:查询工资是12000的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary = 12000;
# 安全等于: <=>
# 案例一:查询没有奖励的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
commission_pct <=> NULL;
# 案例二:查询工资是12000的员工名和工资
SELECT
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary <=> 12000;
# is null 和 <=>
/*
is null :仅仅可以判断null值,可读性较高,建议使用
<=> :既可以判断null值,又可以判断普通的数值,可读性较低
*/
进阶3排序查询
# 进阶3 排序查询
/*
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表
where 筛选条件
order by 排序列表 [asc|desc]
特点:
1、asc代表升序;desc代表降序;如果不写,默认为升序
*/
# 案例一:查询员工信息,要求工资从高到低排序
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
ORDER BY
salary DESC;
# 案例二:查询部门编号大于等于90的信息,按入职时间先后进行排序【添加筛选条件】
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
department_id >=90
ORDER BY
hiredate;
# 案例三:按年薪的高低显示员工的信息和年薪【按表达式排序】
SELECT
*,
salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) AS 年薪
FROM
employees
ORDER BY
salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) DESC;
# 案例四:按年薪的高低显示员工的信息和年薪【按别名排序】
SELECT
*,
salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) AS 年薪
FROM
employees
ORDER BY
年薪 DESC;
# 案例五:按姓名的长度显示员工的姓名和工资【按函数排序】
SELECT
LENGTH(last_name) AS 字节长度,
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
ORDER BY
LENGTH(last_name) DESC;
# 案例六:查询员工信息,要求先按工资排序,再按员工编号排序【按多个字段排序】
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
ORDER BY
salary ASC, employee_id DESC;
# 3.查询邮箱中包含e的员工信息,并先按邮箱的字节数降序,再按部门号升序
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%e%'
ORDER BY LENGTH(email) DESC, department_id ASC;
进阶4常见函数
单行函数
# 进阶4:常见函数
/*
概念:类似于java的方法,将一组逻辑语句封装在方法体中,对外暴露方法名
好处:1、隐藏了实现细节 2、提高代码的重用性
调用:select 函数名(实参列表)【from 表】;
特点:(1)叫什么(函数名)
(2)干什么(函数功能)
分类:
(1)单行函数
功能:做处理的
如:concat、length、ifnull
(2)分组函数
功能:做统计使用,又称为统计函数、聚合函数、组函数
常见函数总结:
字符函数:
length
concat
substr
instr
trim
upper
lower
lpad
rpad
repalace
数学函数:
round
ceil
floor
truncate
mod
rand
日期函数:
now
curdate
curtime
year
month
monthname
day
hour
second
str_to_date
date_format
其他函数:
version
database
databases
user
password('字符') 加密
MD5('字符') 加密
控制函数
if
case
*/
# 一、字符函数
#1. length 获取参数值的字节个数
SELECT LENGTH('john');
SELECT LENGTH('张三丰hahaha'); # utf8一个字母占一个字节,一个汉字占三个字节
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%char%';
#2. concat 拼接字符串
SELECT CONCAT(last_name, first_name) AS 姓名 FROM employees;
#3. upper 、 lower
SELECT UPPER('john');
SELECT LOWER('joHN');
# 示例:将姓变大写,名变小写,然后拼接
SELECT CONCAT(UPPER(last_name), LOWER(first_name)) AS 姓名 FROM employees;
#4. substr 、substring
# SQL语句中的索引从1开始!!!!!
# 截取从指定索引处后面的所有字符
SELECT SUBSTR('李莫愁爱上了陆展元', 7) out_put;
# 截取从指定索引处指定字符长度的字符
SELECT SUBSTR('李莫愁爱上了陆展元', 1, 3) AS out_put;
# 案例:姓名中首字符大写,其他字符小写,然后用_拼接,显示出来
SELECT CONCAT(UPPER(SUBSTR(last_name,1, 1)), '_', LOWER(SUBSTR(last_name, 2)))
AS out_put FROM employees;
#5. instr 返回子串第一次出现的索引,如果找不到返回0
SELECT INSTR('杨不悔爱上了殷六侠', '殷六侠') AS out_put;
#6. trim 去掉首位
SELECT TRIM(' 张翠山 ') AS out_put;
SELECT LENGTH(TRIM(' 张翠山 ')) AS out_put;
SELECT TRIM('a' FROM 'aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa张aaaaaa翠山aaaaaaa') AS out_put;
#7. lpad 用指定字符实现左填充指定长度
SELECT LPAD('殷素素', 10, '*') AS out_put;
SELECT LPAD('殷素素', 2, '*') AS out_put;
#8. rpad 用指定字符实现右填充指定长度
SELECT RPAD('殷素素', 12, 'ab') AS out_put;
#9. replace 替换
SELECT REPLACE('周芷若周芷若周芷若周芷若周芷若张无忌爱上了周芷若', '周芷若', '赵敏')
AS out_put;
#二、数学函数
# rand 随机数
select rand();
#1. round 四舍五入
SELECT ROUND(1.45);
SELECT ROUND(-3.6222, 2); # 小数点后面保留2位
#2. ceil 向上取整 返回>=该参数的最小整数
SELECT CEIL(1.0002); # 2
SELECT CEIL(-1.002); # -1
#3. floor 向下取整 返回<=该参数的最大整数
SELECT FLOOR(9.99); # 9
SELECT FLOOR(-9.99); # -10
#4. truncate 截断
SELECT TRUNCATE(1.6999, 2) # 截取小数点后2位
#5. mod 取余
SELECT MOD(10, 3); # 1
SELECT MOD(10, -3); # 1
SELECT 10%3; # 1
#三、日期函数
#1. now 返回当前系统日期+时间
SELECT NOW();
#2. curdate 返回当前系统日期,不包含时间
SELECT CURDATE();
#3. curtime 返回当前时间,不包含日期
SELECT CURTIME();
#4. 可以获取指定的部分:年、月、日、小时、分钟、秒
SELECT YEAR(NOW()) AS 年;
SELECT YEAR('1996-08-18') AS 年;
SELECT first_name, YEAR(hiredate) AS 年 FROM employees;
SELECT MONTH(NOW()) AS 月;
SELECT MONTHNAME(NOW()) AS 月;
#5. str_to_data 将字符转换成指定格式的日期
SELECT STR_TO_DATE('1996-3-2', '%Y-%c-%d') AS out_put;
# 查询入职日期为1992-4-3号的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hiredate = '1992-4-3';
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hiredate = '4-3 1992';
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE hiredate = STR_TO_DATE('4-3 1992', '%c-%d %Y')
#6. data_format 将日期转换成字符
SELECT DATE_FORMAT(NOW(), '%y年%m月%d日') AS out_put;
# 查询有奖金的员工名和入职日期(xx月/xx日 xx年)
SELECT last_name, DATE_FORMAT(`hiredate`, '%Y年-%c月-%d日') AS 日期
FROM employees WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
#四、其他函数
SELECT VERSION();
SELECT DATABASE(); # 单个数据库
SELECT USER();
select password('纪伟') # 加密处理
select MD5('jiwei') # MD5的加密方式
#五、流程控制函数
#1. if函数: if else 的效果
SELECT IF(10>5, '大', '小');
SELECT last_name,commission_pct, IF(commission_pct IS NULL, '没奖金,呵呵', '有奖金,哈哈') 备注
FROM employees;
#2. case函数的使用一: switch case的效果
/*
java中:
switch(变量或表达式){
case 常量1:语句1;break;
...
default:语句;break;
}
mysql中:
case 要判断的字段或表达式
when 常量1 then 要显示的值1或语句1;
when 常量2 then 要显示的值2或语句2;
when 常量3 then 要显示的值3或语句3;
...
else 要显示的值n或语句n;
end
*/
/*
案例一:查询员工的工资,要求部门号=30,显示的工资为1.3倍
部门号=40,显示的工资为1.4倍
部门号=50,显示的工资为1.5倍
其他部门,显示的工资为原工资
*/
SELECT salary AS 原始工资,department_id,
CASE department_id
WHEN 30 THEN salary*1.1
WHEN 40 THEN salary*1.2
WHEN 50 THEN salary*1.3
ELSE salary
END AS 新工资
FROM employees
ORDER BY
新工资 DESC;
#3. case函数的使用二:类似于 多重if
/*
java中:
if(条件1){
语句1;
}else if(条件2){
语句2;
}
...
else{
语句n;
}
mysql中:
case
when 条件1 then 要显示值1或 语句1;
when 条件2 then 要显示值2或 语句2;
...
else 要显示的值n 或语句n;
end
*/
/*
案例:查询员工的工资情况
如果工资>20000,显示A级别
如果工资>15000,显示B级别
如果工资>10000,显示C级别
否则,显示D级别
*/
SELECT salary,
CASE
WHEN salary > 20000 THEN 'A'
WHEN salary > 15000 THEN 'B'
WHEN salary > 10000 THEN 'C'
ELSE 'D'
END AS 工资级别
FROM employees;
分组函数
# 二、分组函数
/*
功能:用作统计使用,又称为聚合函数或统计函数或组函数
分类:
sum 求和、avg 平均值、max 最大值、min 最小值、count 计算个数
特点:
1、sum、avg用于处理数值型
max、min、count可以处理任何类型
2、是否忽略null值
以上分组函数都忽略null值
3、可以和distinct搭配使用
4、count
5、和分组函数一同查询的字段要求是group by后的字段
*/
#1.简单的使用
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT SUM(salary) AS 和, ROUND(AVG(salary),2) 平均值, MAX(salary) 最大值, MIN(salary) 最小值,
COUNT(salary) 个数 FROM employees;
#2.参数支持哪些类型
# 虽然不报错,但是没有意义
SELECT SUM(last_name), AVG(last_name) FROM employees;
# 但是这两个好使
SELECT MAX(last_name), MIN(last_name) FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(`hiredate`),MIN(hiredate) FROM employees;
# count可以对字符型也好使,但是他是计算非空的个数
SELECT COUNT(last_name) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct) FROM employees;
# 3、忽略null值
SELECT SUM(commission_pct), AVG(commission_pct), SUM(commission_pct)/35, SUM(commission_pct)/107 FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(commission_pct), MIN(commission_pct) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct) FROM employees;
# 4、和distinct搭配 去重
SELECT SUM(DISTINCT salary), SUM(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT salary), COUNT(salary) FROM employees;
# 5、count函数的详细介绍
SELECT COUNT(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees;
SELECT COUNT(1) FROM employees; # 加上一列统计个数
/*
效率:
MYISAM 存储引擎下,count(*) 的效率高
INNODB 存储引擎下,count(*)和count(1)的效率差不多,比count(字段)更高一些
一般使用count(*)用作统计行数
*/
# 6、和分组函数一同查询的字段有限制
SELECT AVG(salary), employee_id FROM employees; # 没有意义,因为avg是一个值,但是employee——ID是一个
## 测试
#1.查询公司工资的最大值,最小值,平均值,综合
SELECT MAX(salary) 最大值, MIN(salary) 最小值, ROUND(AVG(salary),2) 平均值, SUM(salary) 总和
FROM employees;
#2.查询员工表中的最大入职时间和最小入职时间的相差天数(diffience)
SELECT DATEDIFF(MAX(`hiredate`), MIN(`hiredate`)) AS 天数差值
FROM employees;
SELECT DATEDIFF(NOW(), '1996-9-30') AS 天数;
#3.查询部门编号为90的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数 FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 90;
进阶5分组查询
# 进阶5:分组查询
/*
语法:
select 分组函数,列(要求出现在group by的后面)
from 表
【where 筛选条件】
group by 分组的列表
【order by 子句】
注意:
查询列表必须特殊,要求是分组函数和group by后出现的字段
特点:
1、分组查询红的筛选条件分为两类
数据源 位置 关键字
分组前筛选 原始表 group by子句的前面 where
分组后筛选 分组后的结果集 group by子句的后面 having
(1)分组函数做条件肯定是放在having子句中
(2)能用分组前筛选的,优先考虑分组前
2、group by子句支持单个字段分组,多个字段分组(多个字段之间用逗号隔开,没有顺序要求),表达式或函数(用的较少)
3、也可以添加排序(排序放在整个分组查询的最后)
*/
#引入:查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;
# 简单的分组查询
# 案例一:查询每个工种的最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary), job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
# 案例二:查询每个位置上的部门个数
SELECT COUNT(*), location_id
FROM departments
GROUP BY location_id;
# 添加筛选条件
# 案例一:查询邮箱中包含a字符的,每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary), department_id
FROM employees
WHERE email LIKE '%a%'
GROUP BY department_id;
# 案例二:查询有奖金的每个领导手下员工的最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary), manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id;
# 添加复杂的筛选条件
# 分组后的筛选
# 案例一:查询哪个部门的员工个数>2
# (1)查询每个部门的员工个数
# (2)根据(1)的结果进行筛选,查询每个部门的员工个数>2
SELECT COUNT(*), department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING COUNT(*)>2;
# 案例二:查询每个工种有奖金的员工的最高工资>12000的工种编号和最高工资
# 查询每个工种有奖金的员工的最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary), job_id
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY job_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>12000;
# 案例三:查询领导编号>102的每个领导手下的最低工资>5000的领导编号是哪一个,以及其最低工资
SELECT manager_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id >102
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>5000;
# 按表达式或函数分组
# 案例:按员工姓名的长度分组,查询每一组的员工个数,筛选员工个数大于5的有哪些?
SELECT COUNT(*),LENGTH(last_name), last_name
FROM employees
GROUP BY LENGTH(last_name)
HAVING COUNT(*)>5;
# 按多个字段分组
# 案例:查询每个部门每个工种的员工的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary), department_id,job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id, job_id;
# 添加排序
# 案例:查询每个部门每个工种的平均工资,并且按平均工资的高低显示
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_id, job_id
HAVING AVG(salary)>10000
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC;
进阶6连接查询
sql92语法
# 进阶六:连接查询
/*
含义:又称多表查询,当查询的字段来自于多个表时,就会用到连接查询
笛卡尔乘积现象:表1有m行,表2有n行, 结果=m×n行
发生原因:没有有效的连接条件
如何避免:添加有效的连接条件
分类:
按年代分类:
sql92标准:仅仅支持内连接
sql99标准【推荐】:内连接+外连接(左外和右外)+交叉连接
按功能分类:
内连接:
等值连接
非等值连接
自连接
外连接:
左外连接
右外连接
全外连接
交叉连接:
*/
SELECT * FROM boys
SELECT * FROM beauty
SELECT `name`, boyName FROM beauty, boys
WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id = boys.`id` ;
# 一、sql92标准
# 1、等值连接
/*
1.多表等值连接的结果为多表的交集部分
2.n表连接,至少需要n-1个连接条件
3.多表的顺序没有要求
4.一般需要为表起别名
5.连接可以搭配前面介绍的所有字句
*/
# 案例1:查询女神名和对应的男神名
SELECT `name`, boyName FROM beauty, boys
WHERE beauty.`boyfriend_id`=boys.`id`;
# 案例2:查询员工名和对应的部门名
SELECT last_name, department_name
FROM employees, departments
WHERE employees.`department_id`=departments.`department_id`;
# 2、为表起别名
/*
提高语句的简洁度
区分多个重名的字段
注意:如果为表起了别名,则查询的字段就不能使用原来的表名去限定
*/
# 查询员工名、工种号、工种名
SELECT last_name, e.job_id, job_title
FROM employees e, jobs j
WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`;
# 3、两个表的顺序是否可以调换?
# 查询员工名、工种号、工种名
SELECT e.last_name, e.job_id, j.job_title
FROM jobs j, employees e
WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`;
# 4、可以加筛选嘛?
# 案例1:有奖金的员工名和部门名
SELECT last_name, department_name, commission_pct
FROM employees e , departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`commission_pct` IS NOT NULL;
# 案例2:查询城市名中第二个字符为o的部门名和城市名
SELECT department_name, city
FROM departments d ,locations l
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
AND city LIKE '_o%';
# 5、可以加分组嘛?
# 案例1:查询每个城市的部门个数
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数, city
FROM departments d ,locations l
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city;
# 案例2:查询有奖金的每个部门的部门名和部门的领导编号和该部门的最低工资
SELECT department_name, d.manager_id, MIN(salary)
FROM departments d, employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
AND `commission_pct` IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_name,d.`manager_id`;
# 6、可以加排序
# 案例:查询每个工种的工种名和员工的个数,并且按照员工的个数降序
SELECT job_title, COUNT(*) 个数
FROM jobs j, employees e
WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
GROUP BY job_title
ORDER BY 个数 DESC;
# 7、可以实现三个表连接?
# 案例:查询员工名、部门名、和所在的城市
# 城市以s开头,按部门名降序。
SELECT last_name, department_name, city
FROM employees e, departments d, locations l
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
AND city LIKE 's%'
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
# 2、非等值连接
# 案例1:查询员工的工资和工资级别
# 等级为A的
SELECT salary, grade_level
FROM employees e, job_grades j
WHERE salary BETWEEN j.`lowest_sal` AND j.`highest_sal`
AND j.`grade_level` = 'A';
# 3、自连接
# 案例:查询员工名和上级的名称
SELECT * FROM employees;
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, m.employee_id ,m.manager_id
FROM employees e, employees m
WHERE e.manager_id = m.employee_id;
sql99语法
# 二/sql99语法
/*
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名 【连接类型】
join 表2 别名
on 连接条件
【where 筛选条件】
【group by 分组条件】
【having 筛选条件】
【order by 排序】
分类:
(★)内连接:inner
外连接:
(★)左外:left【outer】
(★)右外:right【outer】
全外:full【outer】
交叉连接:cross
*/
# (一)内连接
/*
语法:
select 查询条件
from 表1 别名
inner join 表2 别名
on 连接条件;
分类:
等值
非等值
自连接
特点:
①添加排序、分组、筛选
②inner可以省略
③ 筛选条件放在where后面,连接条件放在on后面,提高分离性,便于阅读
④inner join连接和sql92语法中的等值连接效果是一样的,都是查询多表的交集
*/
# 1.等值连接
# 案例一:查询员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name, department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;
# =========================
SELECT last_name, department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;
#案例2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名(添加筛选)
SELECT last_name, job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
WHERE last_name LIKE '%e%';
# =================================
SELECT last_name, job_title
FROM employees e, jobs j
WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
AND last_name LIKE '%e%';
#3. 查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数,(添加分组+筛选)
SELECT city, COUNT(*)
FROM locations l
INNER JOIN departments d
ON l.`location_id`=d.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3;
#案例4.查询哪个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数,并按个数降序(添加排序)
#①查询每个部门的员工个数
#② 在①结果上筛选员工个数>3的记录,并排序
SELECT department_name, COUNT(*) 员工个数
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
GROUP BY d.`department_name`
HAVING COUNT(*)>3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
#5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名,并按部门名降序(添加三表连接)
SELECT last_name, department_name, job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
#二)非等值连接
#查询员工的工资级别
SELECT salary, grade_level
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN job_grades jd
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN jd.`lowest_sal` AND jd.`highest_sal`;
#查询工资级别的个数>20的个数,并且按工资级别降序
SELECT COUNT(*) , grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
GROUP BY grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*)>20
ORDER BY grade_level DESC;
#三)自连接
#查询员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name, m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`;
#查询姓名中包含字符k的员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name, m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%k%';
#二、外连接
/*
应用场景:用于查询一个表中有,另一个表没有的记录
特点:
1、外连接的查询结果为主表中的所有记录
如果从表中有和它匹配的,则显示匹配的值
如果从表中没有和它匹配的,则显示null
外连接查询结果=内连接结果+主表中有而从表没有的记录
2、左外连接,left join左边的是主表
右外连接,right join右边的是主表
3、左外和右外交换两个表的顺序,可以实现同样的效果
4、全外连接=内连接的结果+表1中有但表2没有的+表2中有但表1没有的
*/
#引入:查询男朋友 不在男神表的的女神名
USE girls;
SELECT * FROM beauty;
SELECT * FROM boys;
#左外连接
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM boys bo
LEFT OUTER JOIN beauty b
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id` IS NULL;
#案例1:查询哪个部门没有员工
#左外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM departments d
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#右外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM employees e
RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#全外
USE girls;
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
FULL OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.id;
#交叉连接(笛卡尔乘积)
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
CROSS JOIN boys bo;
#sql92和 sql99pk
/*
功能:sql99支持的较多
可读性:sql99实现连接条件和筛选条件的分离,可读性较高
*/
- 案例讲解
# 案例讲解
#一、查询编号>3的女神的男朋友信息,如果有则列出详细,如果没有,则用null填充
SELECT bo.*, b.name
FROM beauty b
LEFT OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id`=bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id`>3;
#二、查询那个城市没有部门
SELECT city, d.*
FROM locations l
LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON l.`location_id`=d.`location_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL;
#三、查询部门名为SAL或IT的员工信息
SELECT e.*, d.`department_name`
FROM departments d
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_name` IN ('SAL', 'IT');
进阶7子查询
-
列子查询
#进阶7:子查询
/*
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select后面:
仅仅支持标量子查询
from后面:
支持表子查询
where或having后面:★
标量子查询(单行) √
列子查询 (多行) √
行子查询
exists后面(相关子查询)
表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
*/
#一、where或having后面
/*
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
3、行子查询(多列多行)
特点:
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >= <= = <>
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
*/
#1.标量子查询★
#案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高?
#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
#②查询员工的信息,满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
);
#案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名,job_id 和工资
#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
#③查询员工的姓名,job_id 和工资,要求job_id=①并且salary>②
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
)AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143
);
#案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
#②查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=①
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
)
#案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
#②查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#③ 在②基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>①
SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
);
#非法使用标量子查询
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 250
);
#2.列子查询(多行子查询)★
#案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400, 1700)
#②查询员工姓名,要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400, 1700)
);
# 内连接
SELECT last_name
FROM employees e
LEFT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
WHERE d.`location_id` IN (1400, 1700);
#案例2:返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary,salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ANY (
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
);
#或者
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < (
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
);
#案例3:返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < ALL(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
# 或
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
)AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG';
#3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
#案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id, salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#①查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
#②查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
#③查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
#二、select后面
/*
仅仅支持标量子查询
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*), d.department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY d.`department_name`;
# 上面这种方式也能查出来每个员工的个数,但是没有员工的部门就不显示了!
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
) 员工个数
FROM departments d;
#案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT department_name,d.`department_id`
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
WHERE e.employee_id=102;
#三、from后面
/*
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
*/
#案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
SELECT AVG(salary), department_id
FROM employees e
GROUP BY department_id;
SELECT ag_dep.*, g.grade_level
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag, department_id
FROM employees e
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN
job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal`AND g.`highest_sal`;
#四、exists后面(相关子查询)
/*
语法:
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果:
1或0
*/
SELECT EXISTS (SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000);
#案例1:查询有员工的部门名
#in
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
);
#exists
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);
#案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
#in
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.`id` NOT IN (
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE b.`boyfriend_id`=bo.`id`
);
SELECT boyfriend_id
#exists
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);
进阶8分页查询
#进阶8:分页查询 ★
/*
应用场景:当要显示的数据,一页显示不全,需要分页提交sql请求
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表
【join type join 表2
on 连接条件
where 筛选条件
group by 分组字段
having 分组后的筛选
order by 排序的字段】
limit 【offset,】size;
offset要显示条目的起始索引(起始索引从0开始)
size 要显示的条目个数
特点:
①limit语句放在查询语句的最后
②公式
要显示的页数 page,每页的条目数size
select 查询列表
from 表
limit (page-1)*size,size;
size=10
page
1 0
2 10
3 20
*/
#案例1:查询前五条员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees
LIMIT 0, 5;
# ================================
SELECT * FROM employees
LIMIT 5;
#案例2:查询第11条——第25条
SELECT *
FROM employees
LIMIT 10, 15;
#案例3:有奖金的员工信息,并且工资较高的前10名显示出来
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 10;
进阶9联合查询
#进阶9:联合查询
/*
union 联合 合并:将多条查询语句的结果合并成一个结果
语法:
查询语句1
union
查询语句2
union
...
应用场景:
要查询的结果来自于多个表,且多个表没有直接的连接关系,但查询的信息一致时
特点:★
1、要求多条查询语句的查询列数是一致的!
2、要求多条查询语句的查询的每一列的类型和顺序最好一致
3、union关键字默认去重,如果使用union all 可以包含重复项
*/
#引入的案例:查询部门编号>90或邮箱包含a的员工信息
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%' OR department_id>90;;
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE email LIKE '%a%'
UNION
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department_id>90;
#案例:查询中国用户中男性的信息以及外国用户中年男性的用户信息
SELECT id,cname FROM t_ca WHERE csex='男'
UNION
SELECT t_id,tname FROM t_ua WHERE tGender='male';
章节练习题
第一天练习题
#### 课后作业
# 案例1:查询各job_id的员工工资的最大,最小值,平均值,总和,并按job_id升序
SELECT MAX(salary) 最大值, MIN(salary) 最小值, AVG(salary) 平均值, SUM(salary) 总和, job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY job_id ASC;
# 案例2:查询员工最高工资和最低工资的差距
SELECT MAX(salary)-MIN(salary) AS 差距
FROM employees;
# 案例3:查询各个管理者手下员工的最低工资,其中最低工资不能低于6000,没有管理者的员工不计算在其内
SELECT MIN(salary), manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>=6000
ORDER BY MIN(salary) DESC;
# 案例4:查询所有部门的编号,员工数量和工资平均值,并按平均工资降序
SELECT department_id, COUNT(*), AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC;
# 案例5:选择具有各个job_id的员工人数
SELECT COUNT(*), job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
第二天练习题
## 第二天的测试题
# 案例一:显示员工表的最大工资,平均工资
SELECT MAX(salary), AVG(salary)
FROM employees;
# 案例二:查询员工表的employee_id, job_id, last_name, 按department_id降序,salary升序。
SELECT employee_id, job_id, last_name
FROM employees
ORDER BY department_id DESC , salary ASC;
# 案例三:查询员工表的job_id中,包含a和e的,并且a在e的前面
SELECT job_id
FROM jobs
WHERE job_id LIKE '%a%e%';
# 案例四:已知表student,里面有id(学号),name,gradeId(年级编号)
# 表grade,里面有id(年级编号),name(年纪名)
# 表result,里面有id,score,studentNo(学号)
# 查询姓名,年级名,成绩
SELECT s.`name`, g.name, r.score
FROM student s, grade g, result r
WHERE s.id=r.studentNo AND g.id=s.gradeId;
# 案例五:显示当前日期,以及去前后空格,截取子字符串的函数
SELECT CURDATE();
SELECT NOW();
SELECT TRIM(字符, FROM '')
SELECT SUBSTR(str, startIndex,`length`)
第三天练习题
# 第三天练习题
/*
已知表 stuinfo
id 学号
name 姓名
email 邮箱 john@163.com
gradeId 年级编号
sex 性别 男 女
age 年龄
已知表 grade
id 年级编号
gradeName 年级名称
*/
# 一‘ 查询 所有学院的邮箱的用户名(注:邮箱中@前面的字符)
SELECT SUBSTR(email, 1, INSTR(email, '@')-1) 用户名
FROM stuinfo;
# 二、查询男生和女生的个数
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数, sex
FROM stuinfo
GROUP BY sex;
# 三、查询年龄>18的所有学生的姓名和年级名称
SELECT st.`name`, g.gradeName
FROM stuinfo st
INNER JOIN grade g
ON st.gradeId = g.id
WHERE st.age>18;
# 四、查询哪个年级的学生最小年龄>20岁
# ① 查询每个年级的最小年龄
SELECT MIN(age), gradeId
FROM stuindo
GROUP BY gradeId
# ② 在①的结果上筛选
SELECT MIN(age), gradeId
FROM stuindo
GROUP BY gradeId
HAVING MIN(age)>20;
# 案例1 查询最低工资的员工姓名和工资(标量子查询)
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
# 案例2 查询所有是领导的员工姓名
SELECT manager_id
FROM departments
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN (
SELECT manager_id
FROM departments
);
1基础查询案例
# 案例:查询salary,显示结果为out put
# 案例:查询员工表中涉及到的所有的部门编号
# 案例:查询员工名和姓连接成一个字段,并显示为 姓名
2条件查询案例
# 案例一:查询工资在10000到20000之间的员工名、工资以及奖金
# 案例二:查询部门编号不是在90到110之间的,或者工资高于15000的员工信息
# 案例一:查询工资>12000的员工信息
# 案例二:查询部门编号不等于90号的员工名和部门编号
# 案例一:查询员工中包含字符a的员工信息
# 案例二:查询员工名中第三个字符为e,第五个字符为a的员工名和工资
# 案例三:查询员工名中第二个字符为_的员工名
# 案例一:查询员工编号在100到120之间的员工信息
# 案例一:查询员工的工种编号是 IT_PROG ,AD_VP ,AD_PRES中的一个员工名和工种编号
# 案例一:查询没有奖励的员工名和奖金率
# 案例二:查询有奖励的员工名和奖金率
# 案例一:查询没有奖励的员工名和奖金率
# 案例三:查询工资是12000的员工名和奖金率
# 案例一:查询没有奖金,且工资小于18000的工资和员工名
# 案例二:查询员工表中,job_id不为‘IT'或者工资为12000的员工信息
3排序查询案例
# 1.查询员工的姓名和部门号和年薪,按年薪降序,按姓名升序
# 2.选择工资不在8000到17000的员工的姓名和工资,按工资降序
# 3.查询邮箱中包含e的员工信息,并先按邮箱的字节数降序,再按部门号升序
# 案例一:查询员工信息,要求工资从高到低排序
# 案例二:查询部门编号大于等于90的信息,按入职时间先后进行排序【添加筛选条件】
# 案例三:按年薪的高低显示员工的信息和年薪【按表达式排序】
# 案例四:按年薪的高低显示员工的信息和年薪【按别名排序】
# 案例五:按姓名的长度显示员工的姓名和工资【按函数排序】
# 案例六:查询员工信息,要求先按工资排序,再按员工编号排序【按多个字段排序】
4常见函数案例
案例1:
# 将员工的姓名按首字母排序,并写出姓名的长度(length)
select last_name, length(last_name)
from employees
order by substr(last_name, 1, 1);
案例2:
select concat(last_name, " earns ", salary, " monthly but wants ", salary*3) "Dream Salary"
from employees;
案例3:
select last_name, job_id,
case job_id
when "AD_PRES" then "A"
WHEN "ST_MAN" THEN "B"
WHEN "IT_PROG" THEN "C"
WHEN "SA_REP" THEN "D"
WHEN "ST_CLERK" THEN "E"
END AS Grade
FROM employees;
5子查询案例
1. 查询和 Zlotkey 相同部门的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Zlotkey'
)
ORDER BY salary DESC;
2. 查询工资比公司平均工资高的员工的员工号,姓名和工资。
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
3. 查询各部门中工资比本部门平均工资高的员工的员工号, 姓名和工资
①先查询每个部门的平均工资和部门编号
②一上面查询结果为主表。左连接员工表,
③然后筛选工资比部门平均工资高的员工信息。
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.salary, ags.ass
FROM employees e
LEFT JOIN (
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) ass
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING department_id IS NOT NULL
) ags
ON e.department_id = ags.department_id
WHERE salary > ass;
4. 查询和姓名中包含字母 u 的员工在相同部门的员工的员工号和姓名
SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT DISTINCT(department_id)
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE "%u%"
);
5. 查询在部门的 location_id 为 1700 的部门工作的员工的员工号
SELECT employee_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id =1700
);
6. 查询管理者是 King 的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name, salary, manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (
SELECT employee_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'K_ing'
);
7. 查询工资最高的员工的姓名,要求 first_name 和 last_name 显示为一列,列名为 姓.名
SELECT CONCAT(last_name,'.',first_name) `姓.名`
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
# 子查询经典案例
# 1. 查询工资最低的员工信息:last_name, salary
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary = (
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
# 2. 查询平均工资最低的部门信息
#方式一:
#①各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary) ags, department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②查询①结果上的最低平均工资
SELECT MIN(ags)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ags, department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) agde
#③查询哪个部门的平均工资=②
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(ags)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ags, department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) agde
)
#④查询部门信息
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) = (
SELECT MIN(ags)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ags, department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) agde
)
);
#方式二:
#①各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②求出最低平均工资的部门编号
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1;
#③查询部门信息
SELECT d.*
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id`=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1
);
# 3. 查询平均工资最低的部门信息和该部门的平均工资
#①各部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary), department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#②求出最低平均工资的部门编号和平均工资
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1;
#③查询部门信息
SELECT d.*, ag 平均工资
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN (
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) ag
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary)
LIMIT 1
)ag_dep
ON d.`department_id`=ag_dep.department_id;
# 4. 查询平均工资最高的 job 信息
#①查询最高的job的平均工资的job
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1;
#②查询job信息
SELECT j.*
FROM jobs j
WHERE j.`job_id`=(
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
);
# 查询上述结果 带上平均工资
SELECT j.*, ag
FROM jobs j
INNER JOIN (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag, job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
)ag_dep
ON j.`job_id`=ag_dep.job_id;
# 5. 查询平均工资高于公司平均工资的部门有哪些?
#②查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary), department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
#①查询公司平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
#③筛选②结果集,满足平均工资>①
SELECT department_id, ag
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag, department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)ag_dep
WHERE ag_dep.ag>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
# ====================
SELECT AVG(salary), department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)>(
SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees
);
# 6. 查询出公司中所有 manager 的详细信息.
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees;
SELECT e.*
FROM employees e
WHERE e.`employee_id` IN (
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM employees);
# 7. 各个部门中 最高工资中最低的那个部门的 最低工资是多少
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY MAX(salary)
LIMIT 1;
# ===================\
SELECT MIN(salary) ,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY MAX(salary)
LIMIT 1
);
# 8. 查询平均工资最高的部门的 manager 的详细信息: last_name, department_id, email, salary
SELECT AVG(salary), department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
)
SELECT last_name, department_id, email, salary , manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = (
SELECT DISTINCT manager_id
FROM departments
WHERE department_id = (
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1
)
);
# ===================================
SELECT
last_name, d.department_id, email, salary
FROM
employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON d.manager_id = e.employee_id
WHERE d.department_id =
(SELECT
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY AVG(salary) DESC
LIMIT 1) ;
6连接查询
# 课后作业讲解
# 1.显示所有员工的姓名,部门号和部门名称
SELECT last_name, d.`department_id`, department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;
# 2.查询90号部门员工的job_id和90号部门的location_id
SELECT job_id, location_id
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.department_id=90;
# 3.选择所有有奖金的员工的 last_name, department_name, location_id, city
SELECT last_name, department_name, d.`location_id`, city
FROM employees e , departments d, locations l
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
AND commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
# 4.选择city在Toronto工作的员工last_name, job_id ,department_id, department_name
SELECT last_name, job_id, d.`department_id`, department_name
FROM employees e, departments d, locations l
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
AND l.`city`='Toronto';
# 5.查询每个工种、每个部门的部门名、工种名和最低工资
SELECT department_name, job_title, MIN(salary)
FROM employees e, departments d, jobs j
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
GROUP BY d.`department_id`, j.job_id;
# 6.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于2的国家编号
SELECT country_id, COUNT(*)
FROM departments d, locations l
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY country_id
HAVING COUNT(*)>2;
# 7.选择指定员工的姓名,员工号,以及他的管理者的姓名和员工号,结果类似于下面的格式
SELECT e.last_name, e.job_id, m.last_name, m.job_id
FROM employees e, employees m
WHERE e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`;
7分组函数
查询所有部门的编号,员工数量和工资平均值,并按平均工资降序
select department_id, count(*), avg(salary)
from employees
group by department_id
order by avg(salary);
查询各个管理者手下员工的最低工资,其中最低工资不能低于 6000,没有管理者的员工不计算在内
SELECT manager_id, MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary) >= 6000 ;