TCL语言的学习
Transaction Control Language事物控制语言
1事务(TCL语言)
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**概念:**一个或一组sql语句组成一个执行单元,这个执行单元要么全部执行,要么全部不执行。
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**案例:**转账
张三丰 1000
郭襄 1000update 表 set 张三丰的余额=500 where name=‘张三丰’
意外
update 表 set 郭襄的余额=1500 where name=‘郭襄’ -
**特性:**ACID
- 原子性(Atomicity):一个事务不可再分割,要么都执行要么都不执行
- 一致性(Consistency):一个事务执行会使数据从一个一致状态切换到另外一个一致状态
- 隔离性(Isolation):一个事务的执行不受其他事务的干扰
- 持久性(Durabil):一个事务一旦提交,则会永久的改变数据库的数据
-
事务的创建:
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隐式事务:事务没有明显的开启和结束的标记
比如insert、update、delete语句 -
显式事务:事务具有明显的开启和结束的标记
-
前提:必须先设置自动提交功能为禁用
set autocommit=0;
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步骤1:开启事务
set autocommit=0;
start transaction;可选的 -
步骤2:编写事务中的sql语句(select insert update delete)
语句1;
语句2;
… -
步骤3:结束事务
commit;提交事务
rollback;回滚事务
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-
案例:
set autocommit=0; 开启事务的语句; update 表 set 张三丰的余额=500 where name='张三丰' update 表 set 郭襄的余额=1500 where name='郭襄' 结束事务的语句; commit;
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-
事务的隔离级别:
事务的隔离级别: 脏读 不可重复读 幻读 read uncommitted:√ √ √ (读未提交) read committed: × √ √ (读已提交) repeatable read: × × √ (可重复读) serializable × × × (串行化) mysql中默认 第三个隔离级别 repeatable read oracle中默认第二个隔离级别 read committed
- 查看隔离级别
select @@tx_isolation
- 设置隔离级别
set session|global transaction isolation level 隔离级别;
①演示事务的使用步骤
#开启事务
set autocommit=0;
start transaction;
#编写一组事务的语句
update account set balance = 500 where username='张无忌';
update account set balance = 1500 where username='赵敏';
#结束事务
commit; # 结束
rollback; # 回滚
# 查看account表
SELECT * FROM account;
②演示事务对于delete和truncate的处理的区别
- delete 可以回滚
- trancate 不可以回滚
set autocommit=0;
start transaction;
delete from account;
# trancate from account;
rollback;
③演示savepoint的使用
set autocommit=0;
start transaction;
delete from account where id=25;
savepoint a;#设置保存点
delete from account where id=28;
rollback to a ;#回滚到保存点
SELECT * FROM account;
2视图
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**含义:**虚拟表,和普通表一样使用
- mysql5.1版本出现的新特性,是通过表动态生成的数据
- 比如:舞蹈班和普通班级的对比
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视图与表的对比:
创建语法的关键字 是否实际占用物理空间 使用 视图 create view 只是保存了sql逻辑 增删改查,只是一般不能增删改 表 create table 保存了数据 增删改查
#案例:查询姓张的学生名和专业名
# 原来的做法
select stuname, majorname
from stuinfo s
join major m
on s.majorid=m.id
where s.stuname like '张%';
# 创建视图的做法
create view myv1
as
select stuname, majorname
from stuinfo s
join major m
on s.majorid=m.id;
select * from myv1 where stuname like '张%';
①创建视图
语法:
create view 视图名
as
查询语句;
USE myemployees;
#1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息
#①创建
create view myv1
as
select last_name, department_name, job_title
from employees e
join departments d on e.department_id=d.department_id
join jobs j on j.job_id=e.job_id;
#②使用
select * from myv1 where last_name like '%a%';
#2.查询各部门的平均工资级别
#①创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资
create view myv2
as
select avg(salary) ag,department_id
from employees
group by department_id;
#②使用
select myv2.ag, g.grade_level
from myv2
join job_grade g
on myv2.ag between g.lowest_sal and g.highest_sal;
#3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;
#4.查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资
create view myv3
as
select * from myv2 order by ag limit 1;
# 使用
select d.*, m.ag
from myv3 m
join departments d
on m.department_id=d.department_id;
②视图的修改
-
方式一:(一般都是用这种,替换原有视图)
create or replace view 视图名
as
查询语句;
SELECT * FROM myv3
create or replace view myv3
as
select avg(salary), job_id
from employees
group by job_id;
- 方式二:
alter view 视图名
as
查询语句;
ALTER VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM employees;
③删除视图
drop view 视图名,视图名,…;
DROP VIEW emp_v1,emp_v2,myv3;
④查看视图
DESC myv3; # 查看视图结构
SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3; # 查看视图创建过程
⑤视图的更新(视图一般不更新)
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) "annual salary"
FROM employees;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees;
SELECT * FROM myv1;
SELECT * FROM employees;
#1.插入
INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','zf@qq.com');
#2.修改
UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';
#3.删除
DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = '张无忌';
#具备以下特点的视图不允许更新
#①包含以下关键字的sql语句:分组函数、distinct、group by、having、union或者union all
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
SELECT * FROM myv1;
#更新
UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10;
#②常量视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT 'john' NAME;
SELECT * FROM myv2;
#更新
UPDATE myv2 SET NAME='lucy';
#③Select中包含子查询
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv3;
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000;
#④join
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id = d.department_id;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv4;
UPDATE myv4 SET last_name = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen';
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真','xxxx');
#⑤from一个不能更新的视图
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS
SELECT * FROM myv3;
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv5;
UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60;
#⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
SELECT manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);
#更新
SELECT * FROM myv6;
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = 'k_ing';
案例讲解
视图
#一、创建视图emp_v1,要求查询电话号码以‘011’开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1
AS
SELECT last_name,salary,email
FROM employees
WHERE phone_number LIKE '011%';
#二、创建视图emp_v2,要求查询部门的最高工资高于12000的部门信息
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v2
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) mx_dep,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>12000;
SELECT d.*,m.mx_dep
FROM departments d
JOIN emp_v2 m
ON m.department_id = d.`department_id`;
一、创建视图 emp_v1,要求查询电话号码以‘011’开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱
create view emp_v1 as
select last_name, salary, email
from empolyees
where phone_number like '011%';
二、要求将视图 emp_v1 修改为查询电话号码以‘011’开头的并且邮箱中包含 e 字符的员工姓名和邮箱、电话号码
create or replace view emp_v1 as
select last_name, email, phone_number
from employees
where phone_number like '011%'
and email like '%e%';
三、向 emp_v1 插入一条记录,是否可以?
insert into emp_v1 values('JIWWW', 'EJSKA', '11101229');
可以!
四、修改刚才记录中的电话号码为‘0119’
update emp_v1 set phone_number='0119'
where last_name = 'JIWWW';
五、删除刚才记录
delete from emp_v1 where last_name = 'JIWWW';
六、创建视图 emp_v2,要求查询部门的最高工资高于 12000 的部门信息
create or replace view emp_v2 as
select d.*
from departments d
join employees e
on d.department_id = e.department_id
group by d.department_id
having max(salary)>12000;
七、向 emp_v2 中插入一条记录,是否可以?
不可以!以为含有 group by 的视图不可以修改
八、删除刚才的 emp_v2 和 emp_v1
drop view emp_v1, emp_v2;
事务
1.创建一个表,里面有 id 为主键,stuname 唯一键,seat 座位号,要求将 id 设置成自增
create table test(id int primary key auto_increase, stuname varchar(20) unique, seat int);
2.要求用事务的方式插入 3 行数据
set autocommit=0;
start transaction;
INSERT INTO test VALUES(1, 'Tom', 1001);
INSERT INTO test VALUES(2, 'Jack', 1002);
INSERT INTO test VALU
ES(3, 'Lily', 1003);
commit;
3.要求用事务的方式删除数据,并回滚
set autocommit = 0;
start transaction;
delete from test;
rollback;
或者设置保存点
set autocommit = 0;
start transaction;
savepoint a;
delete from test;
rollback to a;