杭电OJ--1995

import com.sun.corba.se.spi.orbutil.fsm.Input;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main {

    private long count=1;
    public void back(){
        this.count=1;
    }
    public long hannota(int n,int k){
        if(n==1)
            return 1;
        else {
            if(n-1>=k)
                count=2*count;
            return 2*hannota(n-1,k)+1;
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Main fab=new Main();
        Scanner Input = new Scanner(System.in);
        int a=Input.nextInt();
        while (a>0)
        {
            int n=Input.nextInt();
            int k=Input.nextInt();
            fab.hannota(n,k);
            System.out.println(fab.count);
            fab.back();
            a--;
        }
    }
}