RH124 第三章 Linux下的输入输出管理
1 理解什么输入输出的定义
1)字符设备
字符设备就是显示字符到屏幕上的设备文件
2)stdin
标准输入
编号为0
键盘 鼠标 打字机
3)stdout
标准正确输出
标号为1
4)stderr
标准错误输出
标号为2
2 如何管理输入
外界传递到程序中的信息(用超级用户身份)
1)< #输入重定向
tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ < test ##把test文件中的内容定向到tr程序中,把小写全换成大写
[root@localhost ~]# vim test
[root@localhost ~]# tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < test
DNKADSLSD.M.CMMMUYYYHJJ
DHSAKLDLWJLNCN
2)<< 多行录入
tr ‘a-z’ ‘A-Z’ <<EOF(字符任意)
test ##此处的test不能表示为文件名称只表示test字符
test1
EOF (当首字母再次出现表示录入结束)
1 passwd westos << EOF
2 123456
3 123456
4 EOF
3 如何管理系统输出
1)输出重定向
’>’
‘2>’
'&>'
find /etc -name passwd > westos.out ##重定向正确输出
find /etc -name passwd 2> westos.out ##重定向错误输出
find /etc -name passwd &> westos.out ##重定向所有输出
注意:重定向管理输出后会覆盖原文件内容
补充:清空文件内容:> “+文件名”
补充:[westos@localhost Desktop]$ echo hall jk > westos.all #生产一个有内容的文件
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ cat westos.all
hall jk #证明字符写入其中
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd
find: ‘/etc/pki/rsyslog’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/archive’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/backup’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/cache’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/dhcp’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/cups/ssl’: Permission denied
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
find: ‘/etc/nftables’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sssd’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/grub.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/rules.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/localauthority’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/audit’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/libvirt’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/firewalld’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sudoers.d’: Permission denied
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd > westos.right
find: ‘/etc/pki/rsyslog’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/archive’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/backup’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/cache’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/dhcp’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/cups/ssl’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/nftables’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sssd’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/grub.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/rules.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/localauthority’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/audit’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/libvirt’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/firewalld’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sudoers.d’: Permission denied
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd 2> westos.wrong
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd &> westos.all
2)追加
’>>’
‘2>>’
'&>>'
find /etc -name passwd >> westos.out ##追加正确输出
find /etc -name passwd 2>> westos.out ##追加错误输出
find /etc -name passwd &>> westos.out ##追加所有输出
注意:追加和重定向功能类似,但是不会覆盖原文件内容
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd &>> westos.all
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd 2>> westos.all
/etc/pam.d/passwd
/etc/passwd
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc -name passwd >> westos.all
find: ‘/etc/pki/rsyslog’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/archive’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/backup’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/lvm/cache’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/dhcp’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/cups/ssl’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/nftables’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sssd’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/grub.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/rules.d’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/polkit-1/localauthority’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/audit’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/libvirt’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/firewalld’: Permission denied
find: ‘/etc/sudoers.d’: Permission denied
3)管道 “|”
把前一条命令的输出变成输入传递到下一条命令进行操作
注意: 管道只处理正确输出
*2>&1把编号为2的输入转换到编号为1的输出中
*tee 复制输出到指定位置
*管道在一条命令中可以使用多次
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ ls /bin/ | wc -l
1498
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ ls /bin/ | wc -l | wc -l
1
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc/ -name passwd 2>&1 | wc -l
17
[westos@localhost Desktop]$ find /etc/ -name passwd 2>&1 | tee file | wc -l
17