阅读说明:由于CSDN自带的Markdown编辑器目前对大篇幅KATEX公式的支持性不太好,导致文章内容有了字数限制,一旦超过字数限制,就不能正常保存和发布了。所以,我将笔记07的部分内容转换为了图片的形式,方便大家阅读!原始的.md文档,里面的公式使用的是KATEX格式,和本文的PDF版本有需要的可以点击下载!
雁来音信无凭,路遥归梦难成。----李煜《清平乐别来春半》
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本文链接:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_43572058/article/details/126234976
CSDN@搬砖工人_0803号
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前言
在笔记06中为大家推荐了“ubermag”官网上的有关微磁学公式的推导笔记,按照老辈人的说法,微磁学相关公式的推导应该在我们入门后两个月内学会,但并不是每一个人都有着基本的数学素养,有的人面对这些数学式子就是头晕,比如我,,,好在近期闲来无事想着动纸笔比划一下,遇到的一些陌生的名词,陌生的导数,卡住的推导步骤等都会去网上翻一翻,于是总归学会了一点三脚猫的功夫了。
本文的内容就是根据几个微磁学基本能量密度公式来推导其有效场,这几个微磁学基本能量包括:交换能,塞曼能,界面DMI能,体DMI能,单轴各向异性能,立方各向异性能。这几个能量的能量密度公式是已知的,利用有效场的公式:
H e f f → = 1 − u 0 M s δ E a n y δ m → \overrightarrow{H_{eff}} =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\frac{\delta{E_{any}}}{\delta{\overrightarrow{m}}} Heff=−u0Ms1δmδEany
即可推导出每一项能量对应的有效场。式中: u 0 , M s u_0,M_s u0,Ms 分别表示真空磁导率和材料的饱和磁化强度; m → = m ( r ⃗ ) → = M ( r ⃗ ) → M s \overrightarrow{m}=\overrightarrow{m(\vec{r})}=\frac{\overrightarrow{M(\vec{r})}}{M_s} m=m(r)=MsM(r) 表示单位磁化强度(矢量场); E a n y E_{any} Eany 表示以上能量的能量密度(标量场);符号 δ \delta δ 表示变分算子。
这里涉及到“变分”这个概念,我自己目前也不是很明白,但从网上查了一些言论描述如下:
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F=F(y),y=y(x)
F=F(y),y=y(x),有所谓的 函数的函数的导数 表示为:
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Fy′=δyδF
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\frac{\delta{F}}{\delta{y}}=\frac{dF}{dy}或\frac{\partial{F}}{\partial{y}}
δyδF=dydF或∂y∂F
于是,有效场的式子变为了能量密度(标量场)对单位磁化强度(矢量场)求偏导:
H e f f → = 1 − u 0 M s ∂ E a n y ∂ m → \overrightarrow{H_{eff}} =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\frac{\partial{E_{any}}}{\partial{\overrightarrow{m}}} Heff=−u0Ms1∂m∂Eany
大家对这个式子都非常熟悉了,在大部分微磁学文章中,一般这个式子会出现在LLG方程的后面。不过,此处又出现了有难度的步骤,即标量场如何对矢量场求偏导呢?其实结合“梯度”的定义来看:
设有一个标量场
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dl ,则定义
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ϕ 的梯度为:
g r a d ϕ = ∇ ϕ = d ϕ d l ⃗ = ∂ ϕ ∂ x x ^ + ∂ ϕ ∂ y y ^ + ∂ ϕ ∂ z z ^ grad\phi=\nabla{\phi}=\frac{d\phi}{d\vec{l}}=\frac{\partial{\phi}}{\partial{x}}\hat{x} + \frac{\partial{\phi}}{\partial{y}}\hat{y} + \frac{\partial{\phi}}{\partial{z}}\hat{z} gradϕ=∇ϕ=dldϕ=∂x∂ϕx^+∂y∂ϕy^+∂z∂ϕz^
梯度是一个标量场对矢量求导,从而不难得到“有效场等于能量密度对单位磁化强度的梯度”这个结论,这句话也经常出现在许多毕业论文第二章的开头,此时我才明白其中的含义。
于是借助梯度的概念将有效场的式子展开:
H e f f → = 1 − u 0 M s ∇ m ⃗ E a n y = 1 − u 0 M s ( ∂ E a n y ∂ m x x ^ + ∂ E a n y ∂ m y y ^ + ∂ E a n y ∂ m z z ^ ) \overrightarrow{H_{eff}}=\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\nabla_{\vec{m}}{E_{any}}=\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}(\frac{\partial{E_{any}}}{\partial{m_x}}\hat{x} + \frac{\partial{E_{any}}}{\partial{m_y}}\hat{y} + \frac{\partial{E_{any}}}{\partial{m_z}}\hat{z}) Heff=−u0Ms1∇mEany=−u0Ms1(∂mx∂Eanyx^+∂my∂Eanyy^+∂mz∂Eanyz^)
一、塞曼能的有效场
已知塞曼能的能量密度公式:
E z e e m a n = − u 0 M s ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) E_{zeeman}={-u_{0}}{M_s}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) Ezeeman=−u0Ms(m⋅H)
其中: H ⃗ = H ( r ⃗ ) → \vec{H}=\overrightarrow{H(\vec{r})} H=H(r) 为外加磁场(矢量场),单位 A/m。那么可以得到塞曼能的有效场: H z e e m a n → \overrightarrow{H_{zeeman}} Hzeeman
= 1 − u 0 M s δ E z e e m a n δ m → =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\frac{\delta{E_{zeeman}}}{\delta{\overrightarrow{m}}} =−u0Ms1δmδEzeeman
= 1 − u 0 M s ∂ E z e e m a n ∂ m → = 1 − u 0 M s ( ∂ E z e e m a n ∂ m x x ^ + ∂ E z e e m a n ∂ m y y ^ + ∂ E z e e m a n ∂ m z z ^ ) =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\frac{\partial{E_{zeeman}}}{\partial{\overrightarrow{m}}} \newline=\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}(\frac{\partial{E_{zeeman}}}{\partial{m_x}}\hat{x} + \frac{\partial{E_{zeeman}}}{\partial{m_y}}\hat{y} + \frac{\partial{E_{zeeman}}}{\partial{m_z}}\hat{z}) =−u0Ms1∂m∂Ezeeman=−u0Ms1(∂mx∂Ezeemanx^+∂my∂Ezeemany^+∂mz∂Ezeemanz^)
= 1 − u 0 M s [ ∂ ∂ m x ( − u 0 M s ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) ) x ^ + ∂ ∂ m y ( − u 0 M s ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) ) y ^ + ∂ ∂ m z ( − u 0 M s ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) ) z ^ ) ] =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}[\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}({-u_{0}}{M_s}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H})) \hat{x} + \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}({-u_{0}}{M_s}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H})) \hat{y} + \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}({-u_{0}}{M_s}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H})) \hat{z})] =−u0Ms1[∂mx∂(−u0Ms(m⋅H))x^+∂my∂(−u0Ms(m⋅H))y^+∂mz∂(−u0Ms(m⋅H))z^)]
= ∂ ∂ m x ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) x ^ + ∂ ∂ m y ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) y ^ + ∂ ∂ m z ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) z ^ =\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) \hat{x} + \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) \hat{y} + \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) \hat{z} =∂mx∂(m⋅H)x^+∂my∂(m⋅H)y^+∂mz∂(m⋅H)z^ ******* (式子 1)
其中 m ⃗ \vec{m} m 和 H ⃗ \vec{H} H 的点乘: m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ = m x H x + m y H y + m z H z \vec{m} \cdot \vec{H} = m_xH_x + m_yH_y + m_zH_z m⋅H=mxHx+myHy+mzHz
带回式子(1)的第一项:
∂ ∂ m x ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) x ^ = ∂ ∂ m x ( m x H x + m y H y + m z H z ) x ^ = H x x ^ \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) \hat{x} \newline=\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}(m_xH_x + m_yH_y + m_zH_z) \hat{x} \newline=H_x \hat{x} ∂mx∂(m⋅H)x^=∂mx∂(mxHx+myHy+mzHz)x^=Hxx^
同理,式子(1)的第二项:
∂ ∂ m y ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) y ^ = ∂ ∂ m y ( m x H x + m y H y + m z H z ) y ^ = H y y ^ \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) \hat{y} \newline=\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}(m_xH_x + m_yH_y + m_zH_z) \hat{y} \newline=H_y \hat{y} ∂my∂(m⋅H)y^=∂my∂(mxHx+myHy+mzHz)y^=Hyy^
同理,式子(1)的第三项:
∂ ∂ m z ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) z ^ = ∂ ∂ m z ( m x H x + m y H y + m z H z ) z ^ = H z z ^ \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) \hat{z} \newline=\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}(m_xH_x + m_yH_y + m_zH_z) \hat{z} \newline=H_z \hat{z} ∂mz∂(m⋅H)z^=∂mz∂(mxHx+myHy+mzHz)z^=Hzz^
最后合并这三项,式子(1)的结果为:
∂ ∂ m x ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) x ^ + ∂ ∂ m y ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) y ^ + ∂ ∂ m z ( m ⃗ ⋅ H ⃗ ) z ^ \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) \hat{x} + \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) \hat{y} + \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{H}) \hat{z} ∂mx∂(m⋅H)x^+∂my∂(m⋅H)y^+∂mz∂(m⋅H)z^
= H x x ^ + H y y ^ + H z z ^ = H ⃗ =H_x \hat{x} + H_y \hat{y} + H_z \hat{z} \newline=\vec{H} =Hxx^+Hyy^+Hzz^=H
这个推导结果表示塞曼能的有效场: H z e e m a n → \overrightarrow{H_{zeeman}} Hzeeman 就等于外加磁场 H ⃗ \vec{H} H。
而且由塞曼能的能量密度表达式可知,若已知任意微磁能量的有效场 H e f f a n y → \overrightarrow{H^{any}_{eff}} Heffany 的情况下,那么它对应的能量密度表达式即为:
E a n y = − u 0 M s ( m ⃗ ⋅ H e f f a n y → ) E_{any}={-u_{0}}{M_s}(\vec{m} \cdot \overrightarrow{H^{any}_{eff}}) Eany=−u0Ms(m⋅Heffany)
二、交换能的有效场
= A ∂ ∂ m z [ ( ∂ m z ∂ x ) 2 + ( ∂ m z ∂ y ) 2 + ( ∂ m z ∂ z ) 2 ] = 2 A ∇ 2 m z =A \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}} [(\frac{\partial{m_{z}}}{\partial{x}})^2 + (\frac{\partial{m_{z}}}{\partial{y}})^2+ (\frac{\partial{m_{z}}}{\partial{z}})^2] \newline=2A \nabla^2{m_z} =A∂mz∂[(∂x∂mz)2+(∂y∂mz)2+(∂z∂mz)2]=2A∇2mz
将以上三项带回式子(1)合并得到交换能的有效场: H e x → \overrightarrow{H_{ex}} Hex
= 1 − u 0 M s [ ∂ ∂ m x ( A [ ( ∇ m x ) 2 + ( ∇ m y ) 2 + ( ∇ m z ) 2 ] ) x ^ + ∂ ∂ m y ( A [ ( ∇ m x ) 2 + ( ∇ m y ) 2 + ( ∇ m z ) 2 ] ) y ^ + ∂ ∂ m x ( A [ ( ∇ m z ) 2 + ( ∇ m y ) 2 + ( ∇ m z ) 2 ] ) z ^ ] =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}[\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}(A[(\nabla{m_x})^2 + (\nabla{m_y})^2 + (\nabla{m_z})^2])\hat{x} + \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}(A[(\nabla{m_x})^2 + (\nabla{m_y})^2 + (\nabla{m_z})^2])\hat{y} + \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}(A[(\nabla{m_z})^2 + (\nabla{m_y})^2 + (\nabla{m_z})^2])\hat{z}] =−u0Ms1[∂mx∂(A[(∇mx)2+(∇my)2+(∇mz)2])x^+∂my∂(A[(∇mx)2+(∇my)2+(∇mz)2])y^+∂mx∂(A[(∇mz)2+(∇my)2+(∇mz)2])z^]
= 2 A − u 0 M s ( ∇ 2 m x x ^ + ∇ 2 m y y ^ + ∇ 2 m z z ^ ) =\frac{2A}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}} ( \nabla^2{m_x}\hat{x} + \nabla^2{m_y}\hat{y} + \nabla^2{m_z}\hat{z}) =−u0Ms2A(∇2mxx^+∇2myy^+∇2mzz^)
= 2 A − u 0 M s ∇ 2 m ⃗ =\frac{2A}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}} \nabla^2{\vec{m}} =−u0Ms2A∇2m
三、界面DMI能的有效场
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=D[0 - 0 +\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}}-m_z \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{y}}]
=D[0−0+∂y∂mz−mz∂y∂]
= D [ ∂ m z ∂ y − m z ∂ ∂ y ] =D[\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}}-m_z \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{y}}] =D[∂y∂mz−mz∂y∂]
其中式子(1)的第三项: ∂ ∂ m z ( D ( m x ∂ m z ∂ x − m z ∂ m x ∂ x + m y ∂ m z ∂ y − m z ∂ m y ∂ y ) ) \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}(D(m_x \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}} - m_z \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{x}} + m_y \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}} - m_z \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{y}})) ∂mz∂(D(mx∂x∂mz−mz∂x∂mx+my∂y∂mz−mz∂y∂my))
= D [ ∂ ∂ m z ( m x ∂ m z ∂ x ) − ∂ ∂ m z ( m z ∂ m x ∂ x ) + ∂ ∂ m z ( m y ∂ m z ∂ y ) − ∂ ∂ m z ( m z ∂ m y ∂ y ) =D[\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}(m_x \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}} ) -\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}(m_z \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{x}}) +\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}(m_y \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}}) -\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}(m_z \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{y}}) =D[∂mz∂(mx∂x∂mz)−∂mz∂(mz∂x∂mx)+∂mz∂(my∂y∂mz)−∂mz∂(mz∂y∂my)
= D [ m x ∂ ∂ x − ∂ m x ∂ x + m y ∂ ∂ y − ∂ m y ∂ y ] =D[m_x\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{x}}-\frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{x}}+m_y\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{y}}-\frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{y}}] =D[mx∂x∂−∂x∂mx+my∂y∂−∂y∂my]
将以上三项带回式子(1)合并得到界面DMI能的有效场: H D M I i n t e r → \overrightarrow{H^{inter}_{DMI}} HDMIinter
= 1 − u 0 M s [ D [ ∂ m z ∂ x − m z ∂ ∂ x ] x ^ + D [ ∂ m z ∂ y − m z ∂ ∂ y ] y ^ + D [ m x ∂ ∂ x − ∂ m x ∂ x + m y ∂ ∂ y − ∂ m y ∂ y ] z ^ ] =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}[D[\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}} -m_z \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{x}}]\hat{x}+D[\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}} -m_z \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{y}}]\hat{y}+D[m_x\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{x}} -\frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{x}}+m_y\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{y}} -\frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{y}}]\hat{z}] =−u0Ms1[D[∂x∂mz−mz∂x∂]x^+D[∂y∂mz−mz∂y∂]y^+D[mx∂x∂−∂x∂mx+my∂y∂−∂y∂my]z^]
= D − u 0 M s [ ( ∂ m z ∂ x x ^ − m z ∂ x ^ ∂ x ) + ( ∂ m z ∂ y y ^ − m z ∂ y ^ ∂ y ) + ( m x ∂ z ^ ∂ x − ∂ m x ∂ x z ^ + m y ∂ z ^ ∂ y − ∂ m y ∂ y z ^ ) ] =\frac{D}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}[(\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}}\hat{x} -m_z \frac{\partial{\hat{x}}}{\partial{x}}) +(\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}}\hat{y} -m_z \frac{\partial{\hat{y}}}{\partial{y}}) +(m_x\frac{\partial{\hat{z}}}{\partial{x}} -\frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{x}}\hat{z} +m_y\frac{\partial{\hat{z}}}{\partial{y}} -\frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{y}}\hat{z})] =−u0MsD[(∂x∂mzx^−mz∂x∂x^)+(∂y∂mzy^−mz∂y∂y^)+(mx∂x∂z^−∂x∂mxz^+my∂y∂z^−∂y∂myz^)]
= D − u 0 M s [ ( ∂ m z ∂ x x ^ − m z ⋅ 0 ) + ( ∂ m z ∂ y y ^ − m z ⋅ 0 ) + ( m x ⋅ 0 − ∂ m x ∂ x z ^ + m y ⋅ 0 − ∂ m y ∂ y z ^ ) ] =\frac{D}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}} [(\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}}\hat{x} -m_z \cdot 0) +(\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}}\hat{y} -m_z \cdot 0) +(m_x \cdot 0 -\frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{x}}\hat{z} +m_y \cdot 0 -\frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{y}}\hat{z})] =−u0MsD[(∂x∂mzx^−mz⋅0)+(∂y∂mzy^−mz⋅0)+(mx⋅0−∂x∂mxz^+my⋅0−∂y∂myz^)] ********( x ^ , y ^ , z ^ \hat{x},\hat{y},\hat{z} x^,y^,z^ 都是(方向)常矢量,它们的偏导数为0)
= D − u 0 M s ( ∂ m z ∂ x x ^ + ∂ m z ∂ y y ^ − ∂ m x ∂ x z ^ − ∂ m y ∂ y z ^ ) =\frac{D}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}} (\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}}\hat{x} +\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}}\hat{y} -\frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{x}}\hat{z} -\frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{y}}\hat{z}) =−u0MsD(∂x∂mzx^+∂y∂mzy^−∂x∂mxz^−∂y∂myz^)
= D u 0 M s [ ( ∇ ⋅ m ⃗ ) z ^ − ∇ m z ] =\frac{D}{{u_{0}}{M_s}}[(\nabla \cdot \vec{m})\hat{z} - \nabla{m_z}] =u0MsD[(∇⋅m)z^−∇mz]
四、体DMI能的有效场
已知体DMI能的能量密度公式:
E D M I b u l k = D [ m ⃗ ⋅ ( ∇ × m ⃗ ) ] E^{bulk}_{DMI}=D[\vec{m} \cdot (\nabla \times \vec{m})] EDMIbulk=D[m⋅(∇×m)]
首先展开 m ⃗ \vec{m} m 的旋度 ∇ × m ⃗ \nabla \times \vec{m} ∇×m
= ∣ x ^ y ^ z ^ ∂ ∂ x ∂ ∂ y ∂ ∂ z m x m y m z ∣ =\begin{vmatrix} \hat{x} & \hat{y} & \hat{z} \\ \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{x}} & \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{y}} & \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{z}} \\ m_x & m_y & m_z \end{vmatrix} = x^∂x∂mxy^∂y∂myz^∂z∂mz
= ( ∂ m z ∂ y − ∂ m y ∂ z , ∂ m x ∂ z − ∂ m z ∂ x , ∂ m y ∂ x − ∂ m x ∂ y ) =(\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}} - \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{z}}, \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{z}} - \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}}, \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{x}} - \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{y}}) =(∂y∂mz−∂z∂my,∂z∂mx−∂x∂mz,∂x∂my−∂y∂mx)
带回原式得到:
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E^{bulk}_{DMI}=D[\vec{m} \cdot (\nabla \times \vec{m})] =D[(m_x,m_y,m_z) \cdot (\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}} - \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{z}}, \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{z}} - \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}}, \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{x}} - \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{y}})]
EDMIbulk=D[m⋅(∇×m)]=D[(mx,my,mz)⋅(∂y∂mz−∂z∂my,∂z∂mx−∂x∂mz,∂x∂my−∂y∂mx)]
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=D[m_x(\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}} - \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{z}}) +m_y(\frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{z}} - \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}}) +m_z(\frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{x}} - \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{y}})]
=D[mx(∂y∂mz−∂z∂my)+my(∂z∂mx−∂x∂mz)+mz(∂x∂my−∂y∂mx)]
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=\frac{D}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\Bigg( (\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}}\hat{x} - \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{z}}\hat{x}+m_y\frac{\partial{\hat{x}}}{\partial{z}} - m_z \frac{\partial{\hat{x}}}{\partial{y}}) +(-m_x \frac{\partial{\hat{y}}}{\partial{z}} + \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{z}}\hat{y} - \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}}\hat{y} + m_z \frac{\partial{\hat{y}}}{\partial{x}}) +(m_x\frac{\partial{\hat{z}}}{\partial{y}} - m_y\frac{\partial{\hat{z}}}{\partial{x}}+\frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{x}}\hat{z} - \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{y}}\hat{z})\Bigg)
=−u0MsD((∂y∂mzx^−∂z∂myx^+my∂z∂x^−mz∂y∂x^)+(−mx∂z∂y^+∂z∂mxy^−∂x∂mzy^+mz∂x∂y^)+(mx∂y∂z^−my∂x∂z^+∂x∂myz^−∂y∂mxz^)) **********(
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x^,y^,z^ 都是(方向)常矢量,它们的偏导数为0)
= D − u 0 M s ( ( ∂ m z ∂ y x ^ − ∂ m y ∂ z x ^ + 0 − 0 ) + ( − 0 + ∂ m x ∂ z y ^ − ∂ m z ∂ x y ^ + 0 ) + ( 0 − 0 + ∂ m y ∂ x z ^ − ∂ m x ∂ y z ^ ) ) =\frac{D}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\Bigg( (\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}}\hat{x} - \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{z}}\hat{x}+ 0 - 0) +(- 0+ \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{z}}\hat{y} - \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}}\hat{y} + 0) +(0 - 0+\frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{x}}\hat{z} - \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{y}}\hat{z})\Bigg) =−u0MsD((∂y∂mzx^−∂z∂myx^+0−0)+(−0+∂z∂mxy^−∂x∂mzy^+0)+(0−0+∂x∂myz^−∂y∂mxz^))
= D − u 0 M s [ ( ∂ m z ∂ y − ∂ m y ∂ z ) x ^ + ( ∂ m x ∂ z − ∂ m z ∂ x ) y ^ + ( ∂ m y ∂ x z ^ − ∂ m x ∂ y ) z ^ ] =\frac{D}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}[ (\frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{y}} - \frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{z}})\hat{x} +(\frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{z}} - \frac{\partial{m_z}}{\partial{x}})\hat{y} +(\frac{\partial{m_y}}{\partial{x}}\hat{z} - \frac{\partial{m_x}}{\partial{y}})\hat{z}] =−u0MsD[(∂y∂mz−∂z∂my)x^+(∂z∂mx−∂x∂mz)y^+(∂x∂myz^−∂y∂mx)z^]
= D − u 0 M s ( ∇ × m ⃗ ) =\frac{D}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}(\nabla \times \vec{m}) =−u0MsD(∇×m)
五、磁晶单轴各向异性能的有效场
已知磁晶单轴各向异性能的能量密度公式:
E u n i a x i a l = − K u ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) 2 或 E u n i a x i a l = − K 1 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) 2 − K 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) 4 (高阶形式) E_{uniaxial}=-K_u (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u})^2 或 E_{uniaxial}=-K_1 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u})^2 -K_2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u})^4 (高阶形式) Euniaxial=−Ku(m⋅u)2或Euniaxial=−K1(m⋅u)2−K2(m⋅u)4(高阶形式)
其中 u ⃗ \vec{u} u 是磁晶易轴方向(单位矢量), K u K_u Ku 是磁晶单轴各向异性常数,单位 J / m 3 J/m^3 J/m3。那么可以得到磁晶单轴各向异性能的有效场: H u n i a x i a l → \overrightarrow{H_{uniaxial}} Huniaxial
= 1 − u 0 M s δ E u n i a x i a l δ m → =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\frac{\delta{E_{uniaxial}}}{\delta{\overrightarrow{m}}} =−u0Ms1δmδEuniaxial
= 1 − u 0 M s ∂ E u n i a x i a l ∂ m → =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\frac{\partial{E_{uniaxial}}}{\partial{\overrightarrow{m}}} =−u0Ms1∂m∂Euniaxial
= 1 − u 0 M s ( ∂ E u n i a x i a l ∂ m x x ^ + ∂ E u n i a x i a l ∂ m y y ^ + ∂ E u n i a x i a l ∂ m z z ^ ) =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}(\frac{\partial{E_{uniaxial}}}{\partial{m_x}}\hat{x} + \frac{\partial{E_{uniaxial}}}{\partial{m_y}}\hat{y} + \frac{\partial{E_{uniaxial}}}{\partial{m_z}}\hat{z}) =−u0Ms1(∂mx∂Euniaxialx^+∂my∂Euniaxialy^+∂mz∂Euniaxialz^)
此处和推导塞曼能的有效场的步骤相同,将 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u}) (m⋅u) 展开为 m x u x + m y u y + m z u z m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z mxux+myuy+mzuz 方便我们求导,带回上式:
= 1 − u 0 M s ( ∂ ∂ m x [ − K u ( m x u x + m y u y + m z u z ) 2 ] x ^ + ∂ ∂ m y [ − K u ( m x u x + m y u y + m z u z ) 2 ] y ^ + ∂ ∂ m z [ − K u ( m x u x + m y u y + m z u z ) 2 ] z ^ ) =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\Bigg(\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}[-K_u(m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z)^2]\hat{x} +\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}[-K_u(m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z)^2]\hat{y} +\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}[-K_u(m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z)^2]\hat{z}\Bigg) =−u0Ms1(∂mx∂[−Ku(mxux+myuy+mzuz)2]x^+∂my∂[−Ku(mxux+myuy+mzuz)2]y^+∂mz∂[−Ku(mxux+myuy+mzuz)2]z^) ******* (式子 1)
其中式子(1)的第一项: ∂ ∂ m x [ − K u ( m x u x + m y u y + m z u z ) 2 ] \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}[-K_u(m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z)^2] ∂mx∂[−Ku(mxux+myuy+mzuz)2]
= − 2 K u [ ( m x u x + m y u y + m z u z ) ] [ u x + 0 + 0 ] =-2K_u[(m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z)][u_x + 0 + 0] =−2Ku[(mxux+myuy+mzuz)][ux+0+0]
= − 2 K u ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) u x =-2K_u(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u}) u_x =−2Ku(m⋅u)ux
其中式子(1)的第二项: ∂ ∂ m y [ − K u ( m x u x + m y u y + m z u z ) 2 ] \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}[-K_u(m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z)^2] ∂my∂[−Ku(mxux+myuy+mzuz)2]
= − 2 K u [ ( m x u x + m y u y + m z u z ) ] [ 0 + u y + 0 ] =-2K_u[(m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z)][0 + u_y + 0] =−2Ku[(mxux+myuy+mzuz)][0+uy+0]
= − 2 K u ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) u y =-2K_u(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u}) u_y =−2Ku(m⋅u)uy
其中式子(1)的第三项: ∂ ∂ m z [ − K u ( m x u x + m y u y + m z u z ) 2 ] \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}[-K_u(m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z)^2] ∂mz∂[−Ku(mxux+myuy+mzuz)2]
= − 2 K u [ ( m x u x + m y u y + m z u z ) ] [ 0 + 0 + u z ] =-2K_u[(m_x u_x+m_y u_y+m_z u_z)][0 + 0 + u_z] =−2Ku[(mxux+myuy+mzuz)][0+0+uz]
= − 2 K u ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) u z =-2K_u(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u}) u_z =−2Ku(m⋅u)uz
将以上三项带回式子(1)合并得到磁晶单轴各向异性能的有效场: H u n i a x i a l → \overrightarrow{H_{uniaxial}} Huniaxial
= 1 − u 0 M s ( − 2 K u ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) u x x ^ − 2 K u ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) u y y ^ − 2 K u ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) u y z ^ ) =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\Bigg(-2K_u(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u}) u_x \hat{x} -2K_u(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u}) u_y \hat{y}-2K_u(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u}) u_y \hat{z}\Bigg) =−u0Ms1(−2Ku(m⋅u)uxx^−2Ku(m⋅u)uyy^−2Ku(m⋅u)uyz^)
= − 2 K u − u 0 M s ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) ( u x x ^ + u y y ^ − u y z ^ ) =\frac{-2K_u}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u}) (u_x \hat{x} +u_y \hat{y}-u_y \hat{z}) =−u0Ms−2Ku(m⋅u)(uxx^+uyy^−uyz^)
= 2 K u u 0 M s ( m ⃗ ⋅ u ⃗ ) u ⃗ =\frac{2K_u}{{u_{0}}{M_s}}(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u}) \vec{u} =u0Ms2Ku(m⋅u)u
六、磁晶立方各向异性能的有效场
已知磁晶立方各向异性能的能量密度公式:
E c u b i c = − K c [ ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) 2 + ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) 2 + ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) 2 ] E_{cubic}=-K_c [(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})^2 +(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})^2 +(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})^2] Ecubic=−Kc[(m⋅u1)2(m⋅u2)2+(m⋅u2)2(m⋅u3)2+(m⋅u3)2(m⋅u1)2]
其中 u 1 ⃗ , u 2 ⃗ , u 3 ⃗ \vec{u_1},\vec{u_2},\vec{u_3} u1,u2,u3 是磁晶易轴方向(单位矢量),而且 u 3 ⃗ \vec{u_3} u3 是通过 u 1 ⃗ , u 2 ⃗ \vec{u_1},\vec{u_2} u1,u2 的叉乘确定的: u 3 ⃗ = u 1 ⃗ × u 2 ⃗ \vec{u_3} = \vec{u_1} \times \vec{u_2} u3=u1×u2 。 K c K_c Kc 是磁晶立方各向异性常数,单位 J / m 3 J/m^3 J/m3。那么可以得到磁晶立方各向异性能的有效场: H c u b i c → \overrightarrow{H_{cubic}} Hcubic
= 1 − u 0 M s δ E c u b i c δ m → = 1 − u 0 M s ∂ E c u b i c ∂ m → =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\frac{\delta{E_{cubic}}}{\delta{\overrightarrow{m}}} \newline=\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\frac{\partial{E_{cubic}}}{\partial{\overrightarrow{m}}} =−u0Ms1δmδEcubic=−u0Ms1∂m∂Ecubic
= 1 − u 0 M s ( ∂ E c u b i c ∂ m x x ^ + ∂ E c u b i c ∂ m y y ^ + ∂ E c u b i c ∂ m z z ^ ) =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}(\frac{\partial{E_{cubic}}}{\partial{m_x}}\hat{x} + \frac{\partial{E_{cubic}}}{\partial{m_y}}\hat{y} + \frac{\partial{E_{cubic}}}{\partial{m_z}}\hat{z}) =−u0Ms1(∂mx∂Ecubicx^+∂my∂Ecubicy^+∂mz∂Ecubicz^)
= 1 − u 0 M s ( ∂ ∂ m x [ − K c [ ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) 2 + ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) 2 + ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) 2 ] ] x ^ =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\Bigg( \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}[-K_c [(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})^2 +(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})^2 +(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})^2]]\hat{x} =−u0Ms1(∂mx∂[−Kc[(m⋅u1)2(m⋅u2)2+(m⋅u2)2(m⋅u3)2+(m⋅u3)2(m⋅u1)2]]x^
+ ∂ ∂ m y [ − K c [ ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) 2 + ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) 2 + ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) 2 ] ] y ^ +\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}[-K_c [(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})^2 +(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})^2 +(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})^2]]\hat{y} +∂my∂[−Kc[(m⋅u1)2(m⋅u2)2+(m⋅u2)2(m⋅u3)2+(m⋅u3)2(m⋅u1)2]]y^
+ ∂ ∂ m z [ − K c [ ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) 2 + ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) 2 + ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) 2 ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) 2 ] ] z ^ ) +\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_z}}[-K_c [(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})^2 +(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})^2 +(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})^2 (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})^2]]\hat{z}\Bigg) +∂mz∂[−Kc[(m⋅u1)2(m⋅u2)2+(m⋅u2)2(m⋅u3)2+(m⋅u3)2(m⋅u1)2]]z^)
= 1 − u 0 M s ( ∂ ∂ m x [ − K c [ [ ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) ] 2 + [ ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 2 ⃗ ) ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) ] 2 + [ ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 3 ⃗ ) ( m ⃗ ⋅ u 1 ⃗ ) ] 2 ] ] x ^ =\frac{1}{{-u_{0}}{M_s}}\Bigg( \frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_x}}[-K_c [[(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1}) (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})]^2 +[(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2}) (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})]^2 +[(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3}) (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})]^2]]\hat{x} =−u0Ms1(∂mx∂[−Kc[[(m⋅u1)(m⋅u2)]2+[(m⋅u2)(m⋅u3)]2+[(m⋅u3)(m⋅u1)]2]]x^
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+\frac{\partial{}}{\partial{m_y}}[-K_c [[(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1}) (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2})]^2 +[(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_2}) (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3})]^2 +[(\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_3}) (\vec{m} \cdot \vec{u_1})]^2]]\hat{y}
+∂my∂[−Kc[[(m⋅u1)(m⋅u2)]2+[(m⋅u2)(m⋅u3)]2+[(m⋅u3)(m⋅u1)]2]]y^
总结
本文总结了微磁学中通过几个基本的能量密度公式推导出其有效场,内容核心就是求偏导,各种各样的偏导。至于微磁学中的其它公式推导,暂时还没学到皮毛,只有等以后再说了。