使用构建器解决多个参数不同的构造器问题

当一个类中含有多个成员变量时，可能会涉及到多个参数个数不同的构造器来构造对象。这无疑产生的极大的麻烦。并且对于别的同事来说，阅读起来也很不方便。
如下面这种：

public class Person {
    private int id;
    private String name;
    private int  age;
    private String gender;
    private String address;

    public Person(int id, String name) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
    }

    public Person(int id, String name, int age) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Person(int id, String name, int age, String gender) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.gender = gender;
    }

    public Person(int id, String name, int age, String gender, String address) {
        this.id = id;
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
        this.gender = gender;
        this.address = address;
    }
}

在阅读时，还要去一个个对应变量，查看对应的传入的参数是具体的哪个值。
所以，提出可以使用构建器来解决上述阅读难的问题

public class Person {
    private int id;
    private String name;
    private int  age;
    private String gender;
    private String address;

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Person{" +
                "id=" + id +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                ", age=" + age +
                ", gender='" + gender + '\'' +
                ", address='" + address + '\'' +
                '}';
    }

    private Person(Builder builder){
        id = builder.id;
        name = builder.name;
        age = builder.age;
        gender = builder.gender;
        address = builder.address;
    }
    public static class Builder{
        //必需变量
        private int id;
        private String name;
        //非必须变量
        private int  age;
        private String gender;
        private String address;

        public  Builder(int id, String name) {
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }

        public Builder age(int val){
            age = val;
            return this;
        }
        public Builder gender(String val){
            gender = val;
            return this;
        }
        public Builder address(String val){
            address = val;
            return this;
        }
        public Person build(){
            return new Person(this);
        }


    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Person p = new Builder(1,"张三").age(19).build();
        System.out.println(p);
    }
}

对非必需变量可以不调用其方法传参，同时方便阅读。

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学习自 Effective Java.