当遇到构造器有多个参数时，考虑使用构建器

重叠构造器

静态工厂方法和构造器都有一个共同的局限：它们都不能很好地扩展到大量的可选参数。此时一个不错的方案就是重叠构造器模式，此模式的机制原理是：创建第一个构造方法包含必须参数，第二个构造器方法包含一个可选参数，第三个包含两个可选参数，以此类推最后一个构造器包含所有的可选参数。
但是呢，重叠构造器模式虽然可行，但是但遇到大量可选参数时，客户端代码会很难写，而且比较难以阅读。如果API文档缺乏对各参数的描述，客户端代码会很容易因为参数顺序不对而出现意想不到的结果。
代码展示：

package com.stone.designpattern.builder;

/**
 * @author Stone Wang
 * 重叠构造器的代码展示
 *
 */
public class Person {
	private String name;
	private String phone;
	
	private short age = 0;
	private String address = "";
	private String email = "";
	
	public Person(final String name, final String phone) {
		this(name, phone, (short)0);
	}
	
	public Person(final String name, final String phone, short age) {
		this(name, phone, age, "");
	}
	
	public Person(final String name, final String phone, short age,
			final String address) {
		this(name, phone, age, address, "");
	}
	
	public Person(final String name, final String phone, short age,
			final String address, final String email) {
		this.name = name;
		this.phone = phone;
		this.age = age;
		this.address = address;
		this.email = email;
	}
	
	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	
	public String getPhone() {
		return phone;
	}
	
	public short getAge() {
		return age;
	}
	
	public String getAddress() {
		return address;
	}
	
	public String getEmail() {
		return email;
	}
}

JavaBean模式

鉴于重叠构造器造成客户端代码可读性不好的局限，引入Java bean模式。此模式会提供一个带有所有必要参数的构造器和一系列的setter方法，客户端调用最小参数构造器生成类的实例，然后调用setter方法设置可选参数。
代码展示：

package com.stone.designpattern.builder;

/**
 * @author Stone Wang
 * JavaBean模式的代码展示
 *
 */
public class PersonJavaBean {
	private String name;
	private String phone;
	
	private short age = 0;
	private String address = "";
	private String email = "";
	
	public PersonJavaBean(final String name, final String phone) {
		this.name = name;
		this.phone = phone;
	}
	
	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	
	public String getPhone() {
		return phone;
	}
	
	public short getAge() {
		return age;
	}
	
	public String getAddress() {
		return address;
	}
	
	public String getEmail() {
		return email;
	}
	
	public void setName(final String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}
	
	public void setPhone(final String phone) {
		this.phone = phone;
	}
	
	public void setAge(short age) {
		this.age = age;
	}
	
	public void setAddress(final String address) {
		this.address = address;
	}
	
	public void setEmail(final String email) {
		this.email = email;
	}
}

此模式在多线程的情况下会导致对象状态不一致的线程安全问题， 而且还破坏了JavaBean对象不可变的特性。

构建器

鉴于重叠构造器和JavaBean的局限，引入构构建器模式。
它不直接生成想要的对象，而是让客户端利用所有必要的参数调用构造器（或者静态工厂方法）， 得到一个builder对象，然后客户端在builder对象上调用类似setter 方法来设置可选参数。

代码展示：

package com.stone.designpattern.builder;


/**
 * @author Stone Wang
 * 构建器模式的代码展示
 *
 */
public class PersonBuilder {
	private String name;
	private String phone;
	
	private short age = 0;
	private String address = "";
	private String email = "";
	
	public PersonBuilder(Builder builder) {
		this.name = builder.name;
		this.phone = builder.phone;
		this.age = builder.age;
		this.address = builder.address;
		this.email = builder.email;
	}
	
	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}
	
	public String getPhone() {
		return phone;
	}
	
	public short getAge() {
		return age;
	}
	
	public String getAddress() {
		return address;
	}
	
	public String getEmail() {
		return email;
	}
	
	public static class Builder{
		private String name;
		private String phone;
		
		private short age = 0;
		private String address = "";
		private String email = "";
		
		public Builder(final String name, final String phone) {
			this.name = name;
			this.phone = phone;
		}
		
		public Builder setAge(short age) {
			this.age = age;
			return this;
		}
		
		public Builder setAddress(final String address) {
			this.address = address;
			return this;
		}
		
		public Builder setEmail(final String email) {
			this.email = email;
			return this;
		}
		
		public PersonBuilder build() {
			return new PersonBuilder(this);
		}
	}
}

客户端代码

package com.stone.designpattern.builder;

/**
 * @author Stone Wang
 *客户端代码展示
 */
public class Main {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// 重叠构造器的客户端
		Person p = new Person("Stone", "1888886688", (short)18);
		
		// JavaBean模式的客户端
		PersonJavaBean personJavaBean = new PersonJavaBean("Stone", "1888886688");
		personJavaBean.setAge((short)18);
		
		//构建器的客户端代码
		PersonBuilder.Builder builder = new PersonBuilder.Builder("Stone", "1888886688");
		PersonBuilder pb = builder.setAge((short)18).setAddress("Shanghai").build();

	}

}