几个重要的函数
Ⅰ. 绝对值函数
f ( x ) = ∣ x ∣ = { − x , x < 0 x , x ≥ 0 = { − x , x < 0 0 , x = 0 − x , x < 0 f(x)=\left|x\right| = \left\{ \begin{aligned} -x, x < 0 \\ x, x \geq 0 \end{aligned} \right. = \left\{ \begin{aligned} -x, x < 0 \\ 0, x = 0 \\ -x, x < 0 \end{aligned} \right. f(x)=∣x∣={−x,x<0x,x≥0=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧−x,x<00,x=0−x,x<0
连续不一定可导,可导一定连续。
Ⅱ. 最值函数
U = max { f ( x ) , g ( x ) } V = min { f ( x ) , g ( x ) } U = \max \left\{f(x), g(x)\}\right.\\ V = \min\left\{f(x), g(x)\}\right. U=max{f(x),g(x)}V=min{f(x),g(x)}
展开得到:
U = f ( x ) + g ( x ) + ∣ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ∣ 2 V = f ( x ) + g ( x ) − ∣ f ( x ) − g ( x ) ∣ 2 U = \frac{f(x) + g(x) + \left \vert f(x) - g(x) \right\vert}{2} \\ V = \frac{f(x) + g(x) - \left \vert f(x) - g(x) \right\vert}{2} U=2f(x)+g(x)+∣f(x)−g(x)∣V=2f(x)+g(x)−∣f(x)−g(x)∣
可以推出:
U + V = f ( x ) + g ( x ) U − V = f ( x ) − g ( x ) U ⋅ V = f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) U + V = f(x) + g(x) \\ U - V = f(x) - g(x) \\ U \cdot V = f(x) \cdot g(x) U+V=f(x)+g(x)U−V=f(x)−g(x)U⋅V=f(x)⋅g(x)
Ⅲ. 符号函数
f ( x ) = s g n x = { − 1 , x < 0 0 , x = 0 1 , x > 0 f(x) = sgn \ x = \left \{ \begin{aligned} -1, x < 0 \\ 0, x = 0 \\ 1, x > 0 \end{aligned}\right. f(x)=sgn x=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧−1,x<00,x=01,x>0
Ⅳ. 取整函数
f ( x ) = ⌊ x ⌋ f(x) = \left \lfloor x \right \rfloor f(x)=⌊x⌋
不超过x的最大整数。
可以推出:
x − 1 < ⌊ x ⌋ ≤ x ⌊ x + n ⌋ = ⌊ x ⌋ + n , n 是 整 数 x - 1 < \left \lfloor x\right \rfloor \leq x \\ \left \lfloor x + n\right \rfloor = \left \lfloor x \right \rfloor + n, n是整数 x−1<⌊x⌋≤x⌊x+n⌋=⌊x⌋+n,n是整数
Ⅴ. 分段函数
f ( x ) = { f ( x ) , x ≤ x 0 g ( x ) , x > x 0 f(x) = \left \{ \begin{aligned} f(x), x \leq x_0 \\ g(x), x > x_0 \end{aligned}\right. f(x)={f(x),x≤x0g(x),x>x0
或
f ( x ) = { f ( x ) , x < x 0 a , x = x 0 g ( x ) , x > x 0 f(x) = \left \{ \begin{aligned} f(x), x < x_0 \\ a, x = x_0 \\ g(x), x > x_0\end{aligned} \right. f(x)=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧f(x),x<x0a,x=x0g(x),x>x0
Ⅵ. 狄利克雷函数
D ( x ) = { 1 , x ∈ Q 0 , x ∈ Q ∁ , Q 表 示 有 理 数 , Q ∁ 表 示 有 理 数 的 补 集 D(x) = \left \{ \begin{aligned} 1 , x \in \mathbb{Q} \\ 0 , x \in \mathbb{Q}^\complement \end{aligned} \right. ,\qquad \mathbb{Q}表示有理数, \mathbb{Q}^\complement表示有理数的补集 D(x)={1,x∈Q0,x∈Q∁,Q表示有理数,Q∁表示有理数的补集
Ⅶ. 幂指函数
f ( x ) = u ( x ) v ( x ) , u ( x ) > 0 , 且 u ( x ) ≠ 1 f(x) = u(x)^{v(x)}, u(x) > 0, 且u(x) \neq 1 f(x)=u(x)v(x),u(x)>0,且u(x)=1
可以推出:
u ( x ) v ( x ) = e v ( x ) ⋅ ln u ( x ) u(x)^{v(x)} = e^{v(x) \cdot \ln u(x)} u(x)v(x)=ev(x)⋅lnu(x)
用于幂指函数求导。