C++ ➢ 函数模板

1.1 泛型

函数模板是通用的函数描述，即它们使用**“泛型”**来定义函数。
➢其原理是将类型作为参数传递给模板， 使编译器生成该类型的函数。（注意，不是
源码编写阶段形成函数）

注意：函数模板的定义并不创建任何函数，只是告知编译器如何定义函数。

现编写一个泛型的交换函数模板。

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

template <typename AnyType>
void Swap(AnyType &a, AnyType &b);

int main()
{
    int i = 10;
    int j = 23;
    cout << "The original i is: " << i << " and j is: " << j << endl;
    Swap(i,j);
    cout << "Now the i is: " << i << " and j is: " << j << endl;

    double a = 23.23;
    double b = 32.32;
    cout << "The original a is: " << a << " and b is: " << b << endl;
    Swap(a,b);
    cout << "Now the a is: " << a << " and b is: " << b << endl;
    return 0;
}

template <typename AnyType>
void Swap(AnyType &a, AnyType &b)
{
    AnyType temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

函数模板并没有缩短可执行程序，可执行程序仍然根据不同版本的生成函数而形成多个函数。

1.2 重载的模板

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

template <typename AnyType>
void Swap(AnyType &a, AnyType &b);

template <typename AnyType>
void Swap(AnyType a[], AnyType b[],int n);

template <typename AnyType>
void showArray(AnyType arr1[],AnyType arr2[]);

const int SIZE = 8;

int main()
{
    int i = 10;
    int j = 23;
    cout << "The original i is: " << i << " and j is: " << j << endl;
    Swap(i,j);
    cout << "Now the i is: " << i << " and j is: " << j << endl;

    double a = 23.23;
    double b = 32.32;
    cout << "The original a is: " << a << " and b is: " << b << endl;
    Swap(a,b);
    cout << "Now the a is: " << a << " and b is: " << b << endl;

    int arr1[SIZE] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8};
    int arr2[SIZE] = {8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1};
    double arr3[SIZE] = {1.2,2.2,3.2,4.2,25.2,6.2,7.2,8.2};
    double arr4[SIZE] = {8.1,7.1,6.1,5.1,4.1,3.1,2.1,1.1};

    showArray(arr1,arr2);
    Swap(arr1,arr2,SIZE);
    showArray(arr1,arr2);

    showArray(arr3,arr4);
    Swap(arr3,arr4,SIZE);
    showArray(arr3,arr4);
    return 0;
}

template <typename AnyType>
void Swap(AnyType &a, AnyType &b)
{
    AnyType temp;
    temp = a;
    a = b;
    b = temp;
}

template <typename AnyType>
void Swap(AnyType a[], AnyType b[],int n)
{
    AnyType temp;
    for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
    {
        temp = a[i];
        a[i] = b[i];
        b[i] = temp;
    }
}

template <typename AnyType>
void showArray(AnyType arr1[],AnyType arr2[])
{
    cout << "The array1:" << endl;
    for(int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++)
        cout << arr1[i] << " ";
    cout << endl;

    cout << "The array2:" << endl;
    for(int j = 0; j < SIZE; j++)
        cout << arr2[j] << " ";
    cout << endl;
}

输出为：

The original i is: 10 and j is: 23
Now the i is: 23 and j is: 10
The original a is: 23.23 and b is: 32.32
Now the a is: 32.32 and b is: 23.23
The array1:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The array2:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The array1:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The array2:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The array1:
1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 25.2 6.2 7.2 8.2
The array2:
8.1 7.1 6.1 5.1 4.1 3.1 2.1 1.1
The array1:
8.1 7.1 6.1 5.1 4.1 3.1 2.1 1.1
The array2:
1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 25.2 6.2 7.2 8.2

由程序可看出，它们是具有不同函数参数列表的函数模板。

1.3 模板的局限性

由于数据和操作往往是需要匹配的，因此：

• a = b;
  如果是数组，则非法。
• if(a > b)
  如果是结构体，则非法。

➢编写模板函数可能无法处理某些类型；
➢有时通用化是有意义的，但C++语法不允许直接这样操作，如两个坐标结构相加，但没有为
坐标定义“+”运算符。
◆ 解决方法一：为“+”定义重载操作符函数（类内容）。
◆ 解决方法二：为特定类型提供具体化的模板定义。即“显式具体化”

1.4 显式具体化

具体化方式：

#include <iostream>
const int SIZE = 10;
template <typename T>
void Swap(T &a,T &b);

struct job
{
    char name[SIZE];
    double salary;
    int floor;
};
using namespace std;

template <> void Swap<job>(job &, job &);


int main()
{
    job job1 = {"Amy",123.32,6};
    job job2 = {"Bob",132.32,8};
    cout << job1.name << "'s salary is: " << job1.salary << " on floor " << job1.floor << endl;
    cout << job2.name << "'s salary is: " << job2.salary << " on floor " << job2.floor << endl;
    Swap(job1,job2);
    cout << job1.name << "'s salary is: " << job1.salary << " on floor " << job1.floor << endl;
    cout << job2.name << "'s salary is: " << job2.salary << " on floor " << job2.floor << endl;
    return 0;
}

template <> void Swap<job>(job &j1, job &j2)
{
    double temp1;
    int temp2;
    temp1 = j1.salary;
    j1.salary = j2.salary;
    j2.salary = temp1;
    temp2 = j1.floor;
    j1.floor = j2.floor;
    j2.floor = temp2;
}

Amy's salary is: 123.32 on floor 6
Bob's salary is: 132.32 on floor 8
Amy's salary is: 132.32 on floor 8
Bob's salary is: 123.32 on floor 6

提示：
就目前而言，函数有“非模板函数”、“模板函数”和“显式具体化模板函数”三种。
如果有多个原型，编译器在选择时，优先选择非模板，其次再选择显式具体化模板，最后再选择模板。
即： 非模板 > 显式具体化模板 > 模板

1.5 实例化和具体化

不是很懂，待补充。

资料参考 C++ Primer Plus （第六版）中文版，仅学习使用