C语言复习第四章:结构体

1.结构体的基本使用(栈空间和堆空间分配内存)

#include <stdio.h>

typedef struct person
{
    char name[64];
    int age;
}myperson;


void printfper(myperson *per,int len)
{
    int i;
    for(i = 0;i < len;i++)
    {
        printf("%s,%d\n",per[i].name,per[i].age);
    }
}

int main()
{
    int i;
    //栈空间分配
    myperson per;
    strcpy(per.name,"lily");
    per.age=23;

    printf("%s,%d\n",per.name,per.age);

    myperson person[]={"zzz",16,"aaa",18};

    int len = sizeof(person)/sizeof(myperson);
    printfper(person,len);\

    //堆空间分配
    myperson *ps = malloc(sizeof(myperson)*3);
    for(i = 0;i<3;i++)
    {
        sprintf(ps[i].name,"name_%d",i+1);
        ps[i].age = 100+i;
    }

    printfper(ps,3);


    return 0;
}

2.深拷贝和浅拷贝

1.浅拷贝是相当于一个人取了另外的名字，如一个人叫张三，现在改名字叫作李四，对张三或者李四进行操作，还是只对同一个人（相当于针对同一块内存)。

2.深拷贝就是以张三的所有基因为样本，克隆出一个叫李四的人，他们是两个完全独立的人，相互之间改变不会影响对方（相当于两块不同的内存。

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
typedef struct teacher
{
    char *name;
    int age;

}teacher;

int main()
{
    teacher t1;
    teacher t2;

    t1.name = malloc(sizeof(char)*64);
    memset(t1.name,0,64);
    strcpy(t1.name,"aaa");
    t1.age =23;

    t2.name = malloc(sizeof(char)*128);
    memset(t2.name,0,64);
    strcpy(t2.name,"bbbbbbb");
    t1.age =24;

    /*
    浅拷贝:
    t1 = t2;
    t2指向的堆空间大,这样会造成内存泄漏
    在释放时  
    t1的堆空间会指向t2,无法释放
    t2的堆空间被释放了两次;
    */
    

    //如果结构体内部有指针指向内存,那么就不能使用编译器默认的赋值操作,应自己定义
    //深拷贝
    //--------------------------------------------
    if(t1.name != NULL)
    {
        free(t1.name);
        t1.name = NULL;
    }

    t1.name = malloc(strlen(t2.name)+1);
    strcpy(t1.name,t2.name);
    t1.age = t2.age;
    //---------------------------------------------

    printf("%s,%d\n",t1.name,t1.age);
    printf("%s,%d\n",t2.name,t2.age);

    if(t1.name != NULL)
    {
        free(t1.name);
        t1.name = NULL;
    }

    if(t2.name != NULL)
    {
        free(t2.name);
        t2.name = NULL;
        
    }

    return 0;
}

3.结构体嵌套一级指针

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
typedef struct teacher
{
    char *name;
    int age;

}teacher;

//分配内存
teacher *allocateSpace()
{
    int i;
    teacher **tmp = malloc(sizeof(teacher)*3);

    for(i = 0;i < 3;i++)
    {
        tmp[i] = malloc(sizeof(teacher));
        tmp[i]->name = malloc(sizeof(char)*64);//申请堆空间
        memset(tmp[i]->name,0,64);//内存空间置0
        sprintf(tmp[i]->name,"name_%d",i+1);//格式输出到内存
        tmp[i]->age = 23+i;
    }


    return tmp;
}

//打印
void printfTeach(teacher **t1)
{
    int i;
     for(i = 0;i < 3;i++)
    {
        if(t1[i]->name == NULL)
        {
            return ;
        }
        printf("%s,%d\n",t1[i]->name,t1[i]->age);
    }
}

//释放内存
void freeTeach(teacher **t1)
{
    int i;
    for(i = 0;i < 3;i++)
    {
        if(t1[i]->name != NULL)
        {
            free(t1[i]->name);
            t1[i]->name = NULL;
        }
		//先申请的后释放
        if(t1[i] != NULL)
        {
            free(t1[i]);
        }
    }
}


int main()
{
    teacher **t1 = NULL;
    t1 = allocateSpace();

    printfTeach(t1);
    freeTeach(t1);
    
    return 0;
}

4.结构体嵌套二级指针

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
typedef struct teacher
{
    char *name;
    char **student;

}teacher;

//分配内存
int allocateSpace(teacher ***t1)
{
    if(t1 == NULL)
    {
        return -1;
    }

    int i;
    int j;
    teacher **tmp = malloc(sizeof(teacher *)*3);

    for(i = 0;i < 3;i++)
    {
        //给老师分配空间
        tmp[i] = malloc(sizeof(teacher));
        tmp[i]->name = malloc(sizeof(char)*64);
        memset(tmp[i]->name,0,64);
        sprintf(tmp[i]->name,"name_%d",i+1);


        tmp[i]->student = malloc(sizeof(char *)*4);
        for(j = 0;j < 4;j++)
        {
            tmp[i]->student[j] = malloc(sizeof(char)*64);
            memset(tmp[i]->student[j],0,128);
            sprintf(tmp[i]->student[j],"%s_student_%d",tmp[i]->name,j+1);

        }

    }
    //这里注意是*t1
    *t1 = tmp;

    return 0;
}

//打印
void printfTeach(teacher **t1)
{
    if(t1 == NULL)
    {
        return ;
    }

    int i;
    int j;
    for(i = 0;i < 3;i++)
    {
        printf("%s\n",t1[i]->name);

        for(j = 0;j < 4;j++)
        {
            printf("%s ",t1[i]->student[j]);

        }

        printf("\n");

    }
}
//释放内存
void freeTeach(teacher **t1)
{
    int i;
    int j;

    for(i = 0;i < 3;i++)
    {

        if(t1[i]->name != NULL)
        {
            free(t1[i]->name);
            t1[i]->name = NULL;
        }

         for(j = 0;j < 4;j++)
        {
            if(t1[i]->student[j] != NULL)
            {
                free(t1[i]->student[j]);
                t1[i]->student[j] = NULL;
            }
            
            /*在这里释放 段错误
            if(t1[i]->student != NULL)
            {
                free(t1[i]->student);
                t1[i]->student = NULL;
            }
            */
        }
        //这里等student[i]释放完再释放 
        //在循环里 相当于没释放student[j]完就释放student 
        if(t1[i]->student != NULL)
        {
                free(t1[i]->student);
                t1[i]->student = NULL;
        }
        
        if(t1[i] != NULL)
        {
            free(t1[i]);
            t1[i] = NULL;
        }

    }
}


int main()
{
    teacher **s1 = NULL;
    int ret;
    ret = allocateSpace(&s1);
    if(ret < 0)
    {
        return ;
    }

    printfTeach(s1);
    freeTeach(s1);
    s1 = NULL;


    return 0;
    
}