1. Pandas基本介绍
1.1 Numpy和Pandas有什么不同
如果用 python 的列表和字典来作比较, 那么可以说 Numpy 是列表形式的,没有数值标签,而 Pandas 就是字典形式。Pandas是基于Numpy构建的,让Numpy为中心的应用变得更加简单。
要使用pandas,首先需要了解他主要两个数据结构:Series和DataFrame。
1.2 Series
Series的字符串表现形式为:索引在左边,值在右边。由于我们没有为数据指定索引。于是会自动创建一个0到N-1(N为长度)的整数型索引。import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
s = pd.Series([1,3,6,np.nan,44,1])
print(s)
"""
0 1.0
1 3.0
2 6.0
3 NaN
4 44.0
5 1.0
dtype: float64
"""
1.3 DataFrame
DataFrame是一个表格型的数据结构,它包含有一组有序的列,每列可以是不同的值类型(数值,字符串,布尔值等)。DataFrame既有行索引也有列索引, 它可以被看做由Series组成的大字典。dates = pd.date_range('20160101',periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6,4),index=dates,columns=['a','b','c','d'])
print(df)
"""
a b c d
2016-01-01 -0.253065 -2.071051 -0.640515 0.613663
2016-01-02 -1.147178 1.532470 0.989255 -0.499761
2016-01-03 1.221656 -2.390171 1.862914 0.778070
2016-01-04 1.473877 -0.046419 0.610046 0.204672
2016-01-05 -1.584752 -0.700592 1.487264 -1.778293
2016-01-06 0.633675 -1.414157 -0.277066 -0.442545
"""
# 我们可以根据每一个不同的索引来挑选数据, 比如挑选 b 的元素:
print(df['b'])
"""
2016-01-01 -2.071051
2016-01-02 1.532470
2016-01-03 -2.390171
2016-01-04 -0.046419
2016-01-05 -0.700592
2016-01-06 -1.414157
Freq: D, Name: b, dtype: float64
"""
# 我们在创建一组没有给定行标签和列标签的数据 df1:
df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(12).reshape((3,4)))
print(df1)
"""
0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
1 4 5 6 7
2 8 9 10 11
"""
# 还有一种生成 df 的方法, 如下 df2:
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A' : 1.,
'B' : pd.date_range('20160101', periods=4),
'C' : pd.Series(1,index=list(range(4)),dtype='float32'),
'D' : np.array([3] * 4,dtype='int32'),
'E' : pd.Categorical(["test","train","test","train"]),
'F' : 'foo'})
print(df2)
"""
A B C D E F
0 1.0 2016-01-01 1.0 3 test foo
1 1.0 2016-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
2 1.0 2016-01-03 1.0 3 test foo
3 1.0 2016-01-04 1.0 3 train foo
"""
# 如果想要查看数据中的类型, 我们可以用 dtype 这个属性:
print(df2.dtypes)
"""
df2.dtypes
A float64
B datetime64[ns]
C float32
D int32
E category
F object
dtype: object
"""
# 如果想看对行、列的序号:
print(df2.index)
# Int64Index([0, 1, 2, 3], dtype='int64')
print(df2.columns)
# Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'], dtype='object')
# 如果只想看所有df2的值:
print(df2.values)
"""
[[1 Timestamp('2016-01-01 00:00:00') 1.0 3 'test' 'foo']
[1 Timestamp('2016-01-02 00:00:00') 1.0 3 'train' 'foo']
[1 Timestamp('2016-01-03 00:00:00') 1.0 3 'test' 'foo']
[1 Timestamp('2016-01-04 00:00:00') 1.0 3 'train' 'foo']]
"""
# 想知道数据的总结, 可以用 describe():
print(df2.describe())
"""
A C D
count 4.0 4.0 4.0
mean 1.0 1.0 3.0
std 0.0 0.0 0.0
min 1.0 1.0 3.0
25% 1.0 1.0 3.0
50% 1.0 1.0 3.0
75% 1.0 1.0 3.0
max 1.0 1.0 3.0
"""
# 如果想翻转数据, transpose:
print(df2.T)
"""
0 1 2 \
A 1 1 1
B 2013-01-02 00:00:00 2013-01-02 00:00:00 2013-01-02 00:00:00
C 1 1 1
D 3 3 3
E test train test
F foo foo foo
3
A 1
B 2013-01-02 00:00:00
C 1
D 3
E train
F foo
"""
# 如果想对数据的 index 进行排序并输出:
print(df2.sort_index(axis=1, ascending=False))
"""
F E D C B A
0 foo test 3 1.0 2016-01-01 1.0
1 foo train 3 1.0 2016-01-02 1.0
2 foo test 3 1.0 2016-01-03 1.0
3 foo train 3 1.0 2016-01-04 1.0
"""
# 如果是对数据 值 排序输出:
print(df2.sort_values(by='B'))
"""
A B C D E F
0 1.0 2016-01-04 1.0 3 test foo
1 1.0 2016-01-03 1.0 3 train foo
2 1.0 2016-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
3 1.0 2016-01-01 1.0 3 train foo
"""
2. Pandas选择数据
2.1 简单的选择
# 我们建立了一个 6X4 的矩阵数据。
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(24).reshape((6,4)),index=dates, columns=['A','B','C','D'])
"""
A B C D
2013-01-01 0 1 2 3
2013-01-02 4 5 6 7
2013-01-03 8 9 10 11
2013-01-04 12 13 14 15
2013-01-05 16 17 18 19
2013-01-06 20 21 22 23
"""
# 简单筛选
print(df['A'])
print(df.A)
"""
2013-01-01 0
2013-01-02 4
2013-01-03 8
2013-01-04 12
2013-01-05 16
2013-01-06 20
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: int64
"""
# 让选择跨越多行或多列:
print(df[0:3])
"""
A B C D
2013-01-01 0 1 2 3
2013-01-02 4 5 6 7
2013-01-03 8 9 10 11
"""
print(df['20130102':'20130104'])
"""
A B C D
2013-01-02 4 5 6 7
2013-01-03 8 9 10 11
2013-01-04 12 13 14 15
"""
2.2 根据标签loc
同样我们可以使用标签来选择数据 loc, 本例子主要通过标签名字选择某一行数据, 或者通过选择某行或者所有行(:代表所有行)然后选其中某一列或几列数据。:print(df.loc['20130102'])
"""
A 4
B 5
C 6
D 7
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: int64
"""
print(df.loc[:,['A','B']])
"""
A B
2013-01-01 0 1
2013-01-02 4 5
2013-01-03 8 9
2013-01-04 12 13
2013-01-05 16 17
2013-01-06 20 21
"""
print(df.loc['20130102',['A','B']])
"""
A 4
B 5
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: int64
"""
2.3 根据序列iloc
另外我们可以采用位置进行选择 iloc, 在这里我们可以通过位置选择在不同情况下所需要的数据例如选某一个,连续选或者跨行选等操作。print(df.iloc[3,1])
# 13
print(df.iloc[3:5,1:3])
"""
B C
2013-01-04 13 14
2013-01-05 17 18
"""
print(df.iloc[[1,3,5],1:3])
"""
B C
2013-01-02 5 6
2013-01-04 13 14
2013-01-06 21 22
"""
# 当然我们可以采用混合选择 ix, 其中选择’A’和’C’的两列,并选择前三行的数据。
print(df.ix[:3,['A','C']])
"""
A C
2013-01-01 0 2
2013-01-02 4 6
2013-01-03 8 10
"""
# 最后我们可以采用判断指令进行选择
print(df[df.A>8])
"""
A B C D
2013-01-04 12 13 14 15
2013-01-05 16 17 18 19
2013-01-06 20 21 22 23
"""
3. Pandas设置值
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(24).reshape((6,4)),index=dates, columns=['A','B','C','D'])
"""
A B C D
2013-01-01 0 1 2 3
2013-01-02 4 5 6 7
2013-01-03 8 9 10 11
2013-01-04 12 13 14 15
2013-01-05 16 17 18 19
2013-01-06 20 21 22 23
"""
# 根据位置设置loc和iloc
# 我们可以利用索引或者标签确定需要修改值的位置。
df.iloc[2,2] = 1111
df.loc['20130101','B'] = 2222
"""
A B C D
2013-01-01 0 2222 2 3
2013-01-02 4 5 6 7
2013-01-03 8 9 1111 11
2013-01-04 12 13 14 15
2013-01-05 16 17 18 19
2013-01-06 20 21 22 23
"""
# 根据条件设置
df.B[df.A>4] = 0
"""
A B C D
2013-01-01 0 2222 2 3
2013-01-02 4 5 6 7
2013-01-03 8 0 1111 11
2013-01-04 12 0 14 15
2013-01-05 16 0 18 19
"""
# 添加数据
df['E'] = pd.Series([1,2,3,4,5,6], index=pd.date_range('20130101',periods=6))
"""
A B C D E
2013-01-01 0 2222 2 3 1
2013-01-02 4 5 6 7 2
2013-01-03 8 0 1111 11 3
2013-01-04 12 0 14 15 4
2013-01-05 16 0 18 19 5
2013-01-06 20 0 22 23 6
"""
4. Pandas处理丢失数据
# 创建含nan矩阵
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.arange(24).reshape((6,4)),index=dates, columns=['A','B','C','D'])
df.iloc[0,1] = np.nan
df.iloc[1,2] = np.nan
"""
A B C D
2013-01-01 0 NaN 2.0 3
2013-01-02 4 5.0 NaN 7
2013-01-03 8 9.0 10.0 11
2013-01-04 12 13.0 14.0 15
2013-01-05 16 17.0 18.0 19
2013-01-06 20 21.0 22.0 23
"""
# pd.dropna()
print(df.dropna(
axis=0, # 0: 对行进行操作; 1: 对列进行操作
how='any' # 'any': 只要存在 NaN 就 drop 掉; 'all': 必须全部是 NaN 才 drop
))
"""
A B C D
2013-01-03 8 9.0 10.0 11
2013-01-04 12 13.0 14.0 15
2013-01-05 16 17.0 18.0 19
2013-01-06 20 21.0 22.0 23
"""
# pd.fillna()
print(df.fillna(value=0))
"""
A B C D
2013-01-01 0 0.0 2.0 3
2013-01-02 4 5.0 0.0 7
2013-01-03 8 9.0 10.0 11
2013-01-04 12 13.0 14.0 15
2013-01-05 16 17.0 18.0 19
2013-01-06 20 21.0 22.0 23
"""
# pd.isnull()
print(df.isnull())
"""
A B C D
2013-01-01 False True False False
2013-01-02 False False True False
2013-01-03 False False False False
2013-01-04 False False False False
2013-01-05 False False False False
2013-01-06 False False False False
"""
# 检测在数据中是否存在 NaN, 如果存在就返回 True:
print(np.any(df.isnull()))
# True
5. Pandas合并contact
5.1 axis(合并方向)
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
#定义资料集
df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*0, columns=['a','b','c','d'])
df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*1, columns=['a','b','c','d'])
df3 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*2, columns=['a','b','c','d'])
# concat纵向合并
res = pd.concat([df1, df2, df3], axis=0)
#打印结果
print(res)
# a b c d
# 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
# 1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
# 2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
# ignore_index (重置 index)
#承上一个例子,并将index_ignore设定为True
res = pd.concat([df1, df2, df3], axis=0, ignore_index=True)
#打印结果
print(res)
# a b c d
# 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
# 7 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
# 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
5.2 join (合并方式)
# join(合并方式)
# join='outer'为预设值,因此未设定任何参数时函数默认join='outer'。
# 此方式是依照column来做纵向合并,有相同的column上下合并在一起,
# 其他独自的column个自成列,原本没有值的位置皆以NaN填充。
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
#定义资料集
df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*0, columns=['a','b','c','d'], index=[1,2,3])
df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*1, columns=['b','c','d','e'], index=[2,3,4])
#纵向"外"合并df1与df2
res = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=0, join='outer')
print(res)
# a b c d e
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
# 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
# 2 NaN 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 3 NaN 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 4 NaN 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
#承上一个例子
#纵向"内"合并df1与df2
res = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=0, join='inner')
#打印结果
print(res)
# b c d
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 3 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 2 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 3 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 4 1.0 1.0 1.0
#重置index并打印结果
res = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=0, join='inner', ignore_index=True)
print(res)
# b c d
# 0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 3 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 4 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 5 1.0 1.0 1.0
5.3 join_axes(依照axes合并)
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
#定义资料集
df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*0, columns=['a','b','c','d'], index=[1,2,3])
df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*1, columns=['b','c','d','e'], index=[2,3,4])
#依照`df1.index`进行横向合并
res = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1, join_axes=[df1.index])
#打印结果
print(res)
# a b c d b c d e
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN NaN NaN NaN
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
#移除join_axes,并打印结果
res = pd.concat([df1, df2], axis=1)
print(res)
# a b c d b c d e
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN NaN NaN NaN
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 4 NaN NaN NaN NaN 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
5.4 join_axes(依照axes合并)
# append只有纵向合并,没有横向合并。
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
#定义资料集
df1 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*0, columns=['a','b','c','d'])
df2 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*1, columns=['a','b','c','d'])
df3 = pd.DataFrame(np.ones((3,4))*1, columns=['a','b','c','d'])
s1 = pd.Series([1,2,3,4], index=['a','b','c','d'])
#将df2合并到df1的下面,以及重置index,并打印出结果
res = df1.append(df2, ignore_index=True)
print(res)
# a b c d
# 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
#合并多个df,将df2与df3合并至df1的下面,以及重置index,并打印出结果
res = df1.append([df2, df3], ignore_index=True)
print(res)
# a b c d
# 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
# 8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
#合并series,将s1合并至df1,以及重置index,并打印出结果
res = df1.append(s1, ignore_index=True)
print(res)
# a b c d
# 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
# 3 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
6. Pandas合并merge
6.1 依据一组key合并
import pandas as pd
#定义资料集并打印出
left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['K0', 'K1', 'K2', 'K3'],
'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2', 'A3'],
'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2', 'B3']})
right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['K0', 'K1', 'K2', 'K3'],
'C': ['C0', 'C1', 'C2', 'C3'],
'D': ['D0', 'D1', 'D2', 'D3']})
print(left)
# A B key
# 0 A0 B0 K0
# 1 A1 B1 K1
# 2 A2 B2 K2
# 3 A3 B3 K3
print(right)
# C D key
# 0 C0 D0 K0
# 1 C1 D1 K1
# 2 C2 D2 K2
# 3 C3 D3 K3
#依据key column合并,并打印出
res = pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
print(res)
A B key C D
# 0 A0 B0 K0 C0 D0
# 1 A1 B1 K1 C1 D1
# 2 A2 B2 K2 C2 D2
# 3 A3 B3 K3 C3 D3
6.2 依据两组key合并
import pandas as pd
#定义资料集并打印出
left = pd.DataFrame({'key1': ['K0', 'K0', 'K1', 'K2'],
'key2': ['K0', 'K1', 'K0', 'K1'],
'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2', 'A3'],
'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2', 'B3']})
right = pd.DataFrame({'key1': ['K0', 'K1', 'K1', 'K2'],
'key2': ['K0', 'K0', 'K0', 'K0'],
'C': ['C0', 'C1', 'C2', 'C3'],
'D': ['D0', 'D1', 'D2', 'D3']})
print(left)
# A B key1 key2
# 0 A0 B0 K0 K0
# 1 A1 B1 K0 K1
# 2 A2 B2 K1 K0
# 3 A3 B3 K2 K1
print(right)
# C D key1 key2
# 0 C0 D0 K0 K0
# 1 C1 D1 K1 K0
# 2 C2 D2 K1 K0
# 3 C3 D3 K2 K0
#依据key1与key2 columns进行合并,并打印出四种结果['left', 'right', 'outer', 'inner']
res = pd.merge(left, right, on=['key1', 'key2'], how='inner')
print(res)
# A B key1 key2 C D
# 0 A0 B0 K0 K0 C0 D0
# 1 A2 B2 K1 K0 C1 D1
# 2 A2 B2 K1 K0 C2 D2
res = pd.merge(left, right, on=['key1', 'key2'], how='outer')
print(res)
# A B key1 key2 C D
# 0 A0 B0 K0 K0 C0 D0
# 1 A1 B1 K0 K1 NaN NaN
# 2 A2 B2 K1 K0 C1 D1
# 3 A2 B2 K1 K0 C2 D2
# 4 A3 B3 K2 K1 NaN NaN
# 5 NaN NaN K2 K0 C3 D3
res = pd.merge(left, right, on=['key1', 'key2'], how='left')
print(res)
# A B key1 key2 C D
# 0 A0 B0 K0 K0 C0 D0
# 1 A1 B1 K0 K1 NaN NaN
# 2 A2 B2 K1 K0 C1 D1
# 3 A2 B2 K1 K0 C2 D2
# 4 A3 B3 K2 K1 NaN NaN
res = pd.merge(left, right, on=['key1', 'key2'], how='right')
print(res)
# A B key1 key2 C D
# 0 A0 B0 K0 K0 C0 D0
# 1 A2 B2 K1 K0 C1 D1
# 2 A2 B2 K1 K0 C2 D2
# 3 NaN NaN K2 K0 C3 D3
6.3 Indicator
import pandas as pd
#定义资料集并打印出
df1 = pd.DataFrame({'col1':[0,1], 'col_left':['a','b']})
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'col1':[1,2,2],'col_right':[2,2,2]})
print(df1)
# col1 col_left
# 0 0 a
# 1 1 b
print(df2)
# col1 col_right
# 0 1 2
# 1 2 2
# 2 2 2
# 依据col1进行合并,并启用indicator=True,最后打印出
res = pd.merge(df1, df2, on='col1', how='outer', indicator=True)
print(res)
# col1 col_left col_right _merge
# 0 0.0 a NaN left_only
# 1 1.0 b 2.0 both
# 2 2.0 NaN 2.0 right_only
# 3 2.0 NaN 2.0 right_only
# 自定indicator column的名称,并打印出
res = pd.merge(df1, df2, on='col1', how='outer', indicator='indicator_column')
print(res)
# col1 col_left col_right indicator_column
# 0 0.0 a NaN left_only
# 1 1.0 b 2.0 both
# 2 2.0 NaN 2.0 right_only
# 3 2.0 NaN 2.0 right_only
6.4 依据index合并
import pandas as pd
#定义资料集并打印出
left = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2'],
'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2']},
index=['K0', 'K1', 'K2'])
right = pd.DataFrame({'C': ['C0', 'C2', 'C3'],
'D': ['D0', 'D2', 'D3']},
index=['K0', 'K2', 'K3'])
print(left)
# A B
# K0 A0 B0
# K1 A1 B1
# K2 A2 B2
print(right)
# C D
# K0 C0 D0
# K2 C2 D2
# K3 C3 D3
#依据左右资料集的index进行合并,how='outer',并打印出
res = pd.merge(left, right, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='outer')
print(res)
# A B C D
# K0 A0 B0 C0 D0
# K1 A1 B1 NaN NaN
# K2 A2 B2 C2 D2
# K3 NaN NaN C3 D3
#依据左右资料集的index进行合并,how='inner',并打印出
res = pd.merge(left, right, left_index=True, right_index=True, how='inner')
print(res)
# A B C D
# K0 A0 B0 C0 D0
# K2 A2 B2 C2 D2
6.5 解决overlapping的问题
import pandas as pd
#定义资料集
boys = pd.DataFrame({'k': ['K0', 'K1', 'K2'], 'age': [1, 2, 3]})
girls = pd.DataFrame({'k': ['K0', 'K0', 'K3'], 'age': [4, 5, 6]})
#使用suffixes解决overlapping的问题
res = pd.merge(boys, girls, on='k', suffixes=['_boy', '_girl'], how='inner')
print(res)
# age_boy k age_girl
# 0 1 K0 4
# 1 1 K0 5