linux命令及基础知识(1)

这里使用的虚拟机为ubuntu

一、Linux文件目录结构

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Ubuntu没有盘符这个概念,只有一根目录/,所有文件夹都在它下面
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注意我们主要对home目录进行操作,其他,目录不可随意删除

二、apt终端命名

apt是advanced packaging tool ,是ubantu下的安装包管理工具
大部分软件的安装、更新、卸载都是通过apt命令实现的
常用命令如下:
1、安装软件

$sudo apt install 软件名

提示:apt安装命令的格式是不需要记忆的,如果终端中输入的软件没有安装,系统会提升apt命令的使用格式

2、卸载软件

$sudo apt remove 软件名

3、更新可用软件包列表

$sudo apt update

4、更新已安装的包

$sudo apt upgrade

sudo命令的意思使用超级用户(root)的权限

扩展:apt-get和apt都是ubuntu常用的安装软件命令,早期使用apt-get,但是从ubuntu16开始,官方推荐使用apt(是apt-get的增强版)

deb安装格式
命令格式如下:

$sudo dpkg -i <package.deb>

例子:安装chrome浏览器
1、去官网下载安装文件
2、在终端中执行一下命令:

$ sudo apt install libappindicator1 libindicator7//安装谷歌浏览器需要的安装包
$ sudo dpkg -i google-chrome-stable_current_amb64.deb
$sudo apt -f install//修复软件的依赖关系

配置软件源
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在这里插入图片描述
如何设置呢?
点击设置->软件更新
然后点击红框位置,然后选择其他站点,然后点击选择最佳服务器,然后接下来按提示操作

在这里插入图片描述

三、常用的Linux命令的基本使用(区分大小写)

每个人对字体大小的感觉不一样,这里给出调整终端大小的2个热键。
1、放大终端窗口的显示字体

crtl + shift + =

2、缩小终端窗口的显示字体

crtl + -

linux终端命令格式

command [-option] [parameter]//[]表示可选

说明:
1、command 命令名,相对应的英文单词或者其缩写
2、-option:选项,用来对命令进行控制,可略
3、parameter 传输给命令的参数,可以是0个、1个或者多个
常用的Linux命令
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在这里插入图片描述
1、删除目录可以用 rm -r[f] 命令,在终端中输入命令时
2、可以输入命令的前几个字母,然后用tap键自动补全。
3、可以使用上下光标键在曾经用过的命令中来回切换。
4、如果想要退出选择,并且不想执行当前选中的命令,可以按ctrl+c

注意不要死记硬背,常用的命令用多了,自然就记住了,不常用的命令,临时百度就可以了。

查阅命令帮助信息

command  --help//显示command命令的帮助信息
man comand //查阅command命令的使用手册

在使用man命令时的操作键

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Preface The Audience for This Book Organization of the Material Level of Description Overview of the Book Background Information Conventions in This Book How to Contact Us Safari? Enabled Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction Section 1.1. Linux Versus Other Unix-Like Kernels Section 1.2. Hardware Dependency Section 1.3. Linux Versions Section 1.4. Basic Operating System Concepts Section 1.5. An Overview of the Unix Filesystem Section 1.6. An Overview of Unix Kernels Chapter 2. Memory Addressing Section 2.1. Memory Addresses Section 2.2. Segmentation in Hardware Section 2.3. Segmentation in Linux Section 2.4. Paging in Hardware Section 2.5. Paging in Linux Chapter 3. Processes Section 3.1. Processes, Lightweight Processes, and Threads Section 3.2. Process Descriptor Section 3.3. Process Switch Section 3.4. Creating Processes Section 3.5. Destroying Processes Chapter 4. Interrupts and Exceptions Section 4.1. The Role of Interrupt Signals Section 4.2. Interrupts and Exceptions Section 4.3. Nested Execution of Exception and Interrupt Handlers Section 4.4. Initializing the Interrupt Descriptor Table Section 4.5. Exception Handling Section 4.6. Interrupt Handling Section 4.7. Softirqs and Tasklets Section 4.8. Work Queues Section 4.9. Returning from Interrupts and Exceptions Chapter 5. Kernel Synchronization Section 5.1. How the Kernel Services Requests Section 5.2. Synchronization Primitives Section 5.3. Synchronizing Accesses to Kernel Data Structures Section 5.4. Examples of Race Condition Prevention Chapter 6. Timing Measurements Section 6.1. Clock and Timer Circuits Section 6.2. The Linux Timekeeping Architecture Section 6.3. Updating the Time and Date Section 6.4. Updating System Statistics Section 6.5. Software Timers and Delay Functions Section 6.6. System Calls Related to Timing Measurements Chapter 7. Process Scheduling Section 7.1. Scheduling Policy Section 7.2. The Scheduling Algorithm Section 7.3. Data Structures Used by the Scheduler Section 7.4. Functions Used by the Scheduler Section 7.5. Runqueue Balancing in Multiprocessor Systems Section 7.6. System Calls Related to Scheduling Chapter 8. Memory Management Section 8.1. Page Frame Management Section 8.2. Memory Area Management Section 8.3. Noncontiguous Memory Area Management Chapter 9. Process Address Space Section 9.1. The Processs Address Space Section 9.2. The Memory Descriptor Section 9.3. Memory Regions Section 9.4. Page Fault Exception Handler Section 9.5. Creating and Deleting a Process Address Space Section 9.6. Managing the Heap Chapter 10. System Calls Section 10.1. POSIX APIs and System Calls Section 10.2. System Call Handler and Service Routines Section 10.3. Entering and Exiting a System Call Section 10.4. Parameter Passing Section 10.5. Kernel Wrapper Routines Chapter 11. Signals Section 11.1. The Role of Signals Section 11.2. Generating a Signal Section 11.3. Delivering a Signal Section 11.4. System Calls Related to Signal Handling Chapter 12. The Virtual Filesystem Section 12.1. The Role of the Virtual Filesystem (VFS) Section 12.2. VFS Data Structures Section 12.3. Filesystem Types Section 12.4. Filesystem Handling Section 12.5. Pathname Lookup Section 12.6. Implementations of VFS System Calls Section 12.7. File Locking Chapter 13. I/O Architecture and Device Drivers Section 13.1. I/O Architecture Section 13.2. The Device Driver Model Section 13.3. Device Files Section 13.4. Device Drivers Section 13.5. Character Device Drivers Chapter 14. Block Device Drivers Section 14.1. Block Devices Handling Section 14.2. The Generic Block Layer Section 14.3. The I/O Scheduler Section 14.4. Block Device Drivers Section 14.5. Opening a Block Device File Chapter 15. The Page Cache Section 15.1. The Page Cache Section 15.2. Storing Blocks in the Page Cache Section 15.3. Writing Dirty Pages to Disk Section 15.4. The sync( ), fsync( ), and fdatasync( ) System Calls Chapter 16. Accessing Files Section 16.1. Reading and Writing a File Section 16.2. Memory Mapping Section 16.3. Direct I/O Transfers Section 16.4. Asynchronous I/O Chapter 17. Page Frame Reclaiming Section 17.1. The Page Frame Reclaiming Algorithm Section 17.2. Reverse Mapping Section 17.3. Implementing the PFRA Section 17.4. Swapping Chapter 18. The Ext2 and Ext3 Filesystems Section 18.1. General Characteristics of Ext2 Section 18.2. Ext2 Disk Data Structures Section 18.3. Ext2 Memory Data Structures Section 18.4. Creating the Ext2 Filesystem Section 18.5. Ext2 Methods Section 18.6. Managing Ext2 Disk Space Section 18.7. The Ext3 Filesystem Chapter 19. Process Communication Section 19.1. Pipes Section 19.2. FIFOs Section 19.3. System V IPC Section 19.4. POSIX Message Queues Chapter 20. Program ExZecution Section 20.1. Executable Files Section 20.2. Executable Formats Section 20.3. Execution Domains Section 20.4. The exec Functions Appendix A. System Startup Section A.1. Prehistoric Age: the BIOS Section A.2. Ancient Age: the Boot Loader Section A.3. Middle Ages: the setup( ) Function Section A.4. Renaissance: the startup_32( ) Functions Section A.5. Modern Age: the start_kernel( ) Function Appendix B. Modules Section B.1. To Be (a Module) or Not to Be? Section B.2. Module Implementation Section B.3. Linking and Unlinking Modules Section B.4. Linking Modules on Demand Bibliography Books on Unix Kernels Books on the Linux Kernel Books on PC Architecture and Technical Manuals on Intel Microprocessors Other Online Documentation Sources Research Papers Related to Linux Development About the Authors Colophon Index

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