1.本地系统设备的识别
fdisk -l | ##真实存在的设备 |
---|---|
cat /proc/partition | ##系统识别的设备 |
blkid | ##系统可使用的设备 |
df | ##系统正在挂载的设备 |
fdisk -l
cat /proc/partitions
blkid
df
2.设备的挂载和卸载
1)设备名称
/dev/xdx | ##/dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sdb1 |
---|---|
/dev/sr0 | ##光驱 |
/dev/mapper/* | ##虚拟设备 |
2.设备的挂载
mount 设备 挂载点
mount /dev1 /mnt | ##挂载sdb1到mnt |
---|---|
umount /dev/sdb1 /mnt | ##卸载 |
mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt | ##只读挂载 |
mount | ##查看挂载信息 |
mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1 /mnt | ##重新读写挂载 |
执行mount查看挂载信息
执行mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1 /mnt 重新读写挂载
查看挂载信息
3.解决设备正忙情况
[root@localhost ~]# umount /mnt
umount: /mnt: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))
方法1:
[root@localhost ~]# fuser -kvm /mnt
umount /mnt
方法2:
[root@localhost ~]# lsof /mnt
COMMAND | PID | USER | FD | TYPE | DEVICE | SIZE/OFF | NODE | NAME |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bash | 9864 | root | cwd | DIR | 253,1 | 4096 | 8388737 | /root |
kill -9 9894
umount /mnt
磁盘分区
1.硬盘0磁道1扇区的512字节中记录的信息如下:
512=446 | + 64 | +2 |
---|---|---|
mbr(主引导记录) | mpt(主分区标) | 55aa(硬盘的有效性标示) |
硬盘分区标
64
1个分区占用16个字节
1块硬盘上最多可以划分4个主分区
2.分区步骤
1.fdisk -l
2.fdisk /dev/vdb
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ##删除
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition ##新建
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table##显示分区信息
q quit without saving changes##退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition’s system id##修改分区id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ##保存分区标信息到硬盘
x extra functionality (experts only)
建立主分区
Command (m for help): n ##新建
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p):
Using default response p ##主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): ##id用默认
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ##分区起始
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +200M ##分区大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 200 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p ##显示信息
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x35bff790
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 83 Linux
##当系统已有3个主分区时
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e):
Using default response e ##3个主分区出现要先划分分区
Selected partition 4
First sector (1230848-20971519, default 1230848):
Using default value 1230848
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (1230848-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 9.4 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x35bff790
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 411647 204800 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 411648 821247 204800 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 821248 1230847 204800 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 1230848 20971519 9870336 5 Extended
##把所有空间都给E
[root@server ~]# cat /proc/partitions 查看已经分好的分区
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 204800 vdb1
253 18 204800 vdb2
253 19 204800 vdb3
253 20 1 vdb4
4.给设备安装文件系统
ext3 rhel5及之前的版本 最多支持32TB的文件系统和2T文件,实际2tb文件系统,16G文件
ext4 rhel6 1EB 16TB
xfs rhel7 18EB 9EB 7G/s 4G/s
临时挂载
[root@server ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb3
meta-data=/dev/vdb3 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=12800 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=51200, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@server ~]# mount /dev/vdb3 /mnt
[root@server ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3160308 7313592 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 80 484840 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12768 472152 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb3 201388 10400 190988 6% /mnt
永久挂载
vim /etc/fstab
umount /mnt
[root@server ~]# mount -a
[root@server ~]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3160288 7313612 31% /
devtmpfs 469332 0 469332 0% /dev
tmpfs 484920 80 484840 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484920 12768 472152 3% /run
tmpfs 484920 0 484920 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb3 201388 10400 190988 6% /mnt
5.swap分区管理
1)swap分区建立
划分分区并设定分区标签
新建一个 dev/vdb6
partprobe (很重要)
mkswap /dev/vdb6
swapon -a /dev/vdb6
swapon -s
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/vdb6 swap swap defaults 0 0
两个“0”分别代表是否备份是否检测
2)swap 分区删除
swapoff /dev/vdb6
swapon -s
vim /etc/fstab
fdisk /dev/vdb
partprobe
这样swap分区就会被永久删除
6.限制容量限额
针对设备
mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb3 /mnt
ls -ld /mnt/
chmod 1777 /mnt
用mount查看挂载信息
edquota -u student /dev/vdb3
将hard修改为10240
su - student
dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/studentfile ba=1M count=5
dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/studentfile ba=1M count=10
dd if=/dev/zero of=/pub/studentfile ba=1M count=20
再次edquota -u student /dev/vdb3 就可以看到student用户已经用完了10M
Disk quotas for user student (uid 1000):
Filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
/dev/vdb3 10240 0 10240 1 0 0
du -sh /pub/studentfile
查看所使用的文件大小
7.磁盘加密
(1)设备加密
cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb2
注意:YES必须使用大写,然后输入两遍密码
cryptsetup open /dev/vdb2 westo
查看/dev/mapper有两个文件
cryptsetup close westos
关闭之后发现只剩一个
mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/westos
初始化刚刚解密的设备
mount /dev/mapper/westos /pub
touch /pub/file
vim /pub/file
卸载设备,关闭加密
再次解密,查看/pub文件下的内容,和上次加密前一致
即加密解密不会更改文件中的内容
(2)设定开机自启加密
<1>编辑系统文件
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/westos /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
<2>给自己电脑加密
vim /etc/crypttab
westos /dev/vdb2 /root/westoskey
<3>开机时让系统看到密码
vim /root/westoskey
密码
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/vdb2 /root/westoskey
<4>设置磁盘加密
<5>重启虚拟机
使用df查看挂载
看到自动挂载即为成功
注:
内核能识别的设备
不一定能用
用mbr方式最多划分4个主分区 64/16